210 DANAIDA. By H. Frulistorfer. 
in the colouring, with dull grey-green interneural areas. Under surface paler than in panaitius. Abdomen 
ventrally almost pure white. 
D. melaneus is a mainly continental species, whose races have hitherto not been sufficiently studied, 
melnneus. so that several long-known forms still require naming. The name-type melaneus Cr. probably comes from 
southern China and is most likely identical with examples from Tonkin. These again, in the long-produced 
szetchuanus. forewing and the larger size, approximate much more to szetchuanus Fruhst. (78 c), which is still darker 
above, than to die Indian continental branch, which Dr. Seitz has figured vol. I, pi. 28 d, and whose 
rounded wings contrast so distinctly with the pointed ones of szetchuanus. The latter is perhaps only a 
dry-season form, with red-brown instead of black postdiscal areas on the hindwing beneath, from the 
mountains of China, especially from the Omi-Shan, where according to Leech it occurs commonly. In 
Tonkin I found it exclusively in the Manson Mountains at elevations of about 1000 m. and only in the 
plnlaniston. month of April. — plataniston nom. nov. is the round-winged race so common in the Himalayas which 
stands in all collections as melaneus. It is beneath more uniform and lighter red-brown. In Sikkim it 
ascends from the valleys to about 2000 m., and is very common from March to December. Examples of 
neopaira. the dry-season form, neopatra form, nov., are essentially smaller, beneath almost entirely light red with 
pure white submarginal dots on both wings, plataniston also occurs singly in Tenasserim and Siam. — 
sinopion. As sinopion subsp. nov. we introduce the apparently very rare race of the Malay Peninsula, characterized by 
narrower vitreous areas and particularly by the almost entirely black ground-colour of both wings be- 
swinhoei. neath, which only show slight traces of a red-brown tinge. — swinhoei Moore is a well defined race from 
Formosa, of smaller size, with darker red-brown abdomen, somewhat narrower costal patches on the 
forewing and very broad dark red-brown marginal area on the hindwing beneath, the ultracellular patches 
mehnipiis much restricted. Flies March to August, not rare at Lake Lehiku. — Finally, pseudomelaneus Moore 
is a highly specialized race which I only observed in western Java, and there only at the volcano Gede 
at elevations of above 4000 ft. Forewing strongly falcate, the vitreous areas very transparent, shiny, clear, 
hindwing with a two-branched cell-streak, which is wanting in all the other subspecies of melaneus. Ab¬ 
domen above light red-brown, beneath grey-white. Colour of the under surface of the wings, as in sinopion, 
with the admixture of red-brown very slight. 
D. banksi represents melaneus on Sumatra and Nias, but is so modified in shape and colour that 
banksi. it is probably a distinct species, banksi Moore inhabits both the plains and the foot-hills, but according to 
Martin examples from the plains are paler and poorer in colour than those of the mountains. Sub- 
median area of the forewing divided by a broad black streak, which is not the case in any form of 
funernlis. melaneus, cell of the hindwing likewise with strong streak. Abdomen dark rcd-brcwn. — funeralis Bllr. has 
moreover, the cell of the forewing blackened, narrow vitreous interneural areas and a vcntrallv yellowish 
abdomen. Nias, apparently very rare. 
erowleyi. D. crowleyi Jen.- Weir, is a giant form from northern Borneo, whose BS equal the largest $$ from 
Tonkin with the forewing 55 mm. in length, but show the rounded wing-contour of banksi and have 
likewise in common with this the broad transverse stripes in the submedian area below the cells of both 
wings. Abdomen, however, ventrally white, with grey rings and dark grey dorsal line. Upper and under 
surface of both wings almost uniformly coloured, slightly tinged with red-brown, anterior part of the cell 
of the forewing black, the posterior part narrowly vitreous, intraneural areas relatively narrow considering 
the size of the butterfly, the submarginal dots of the hindwing very small, grey-white. This magnificent 
species inhabits Mt. Kina Balu in North Borneo and is rare. 
menadensis. D. menadensis Moore (78 d) replaces melaneus on Celebes; the different colour of its stripes (yellow 
instead of whitish or greenish) has already won for it two generic names, namely Lintorata Moore, wdio 
even classified it with the African Danaids. and Chlorochopsis Rothsch. The species is rare both in northern 
and southern Celebes, exclusively inhabits the plains and is probably overlooked on account of its resem¬ 
blance to the common D. luciplena Fruhst., although it has a more rapid flight than this and keeps 
somewhat further from the ground. Most examples are somewhat lighter than the figure and brilliant 
yellow, especially beneath. $ only a little larger, wings more rounded than in the <$, with paler, scarcely 
appreciably broader stripes and spots. 
D. sita, better known under the name tytia, has of all the Danaids the most extended androconial 
patches on the hindwing, which are thickest at the submedian, proximally and distally extend over the 
inner-marginal vein and the low’er median and are very variable in shape and extent, sita is a mountain 
species, only beyond the tropics descending also into the plains; it is long-lived and a tenacious flier and 
keeps higher above the earth than other Danaida. — Larva described in vol. I. p. 77, on Marsdenia roylei, 
one of the Asclepiadeae. From eggs laid in September the butterflies emerge in the following April. In 
Hong-Kong the first butterflies appear at the beginning of February. In the North-West Himalayas four 
broods have been observed, of which the first appears in April, the fourth in October. The species inhabits 
elevations of 2—3000 m., extending northwards to the island of Askold, and on Tsushima I observed $$ 
