DANAIDA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
211 
still flying about vigorously at the end of September. — sita Roll., known from the western Himalayas sita. 
and Kashmir, is a form with pale red-brown margins, which occurs at wooded places occasionally in large 
numbers and ascends to 10,000 ft. — tytia Gray, a darker race with thick red cell-streak on the hindwing, tyliu. 
which gradually disappears in examples from the eastern Himalayas, is always absent in the dry-season 
form from Assam and apparently does not occur at all in U? from Tenasserim. Such examples have been 
described as tira Fruhst. —- ethologa Swinh. is a darkened geographical race from the Malay Peninsula ,'i']i!ji 0! j (l 
with dark brown margins to the wings and shorter subapical patches on the forewing, of which only a 
few examples have hitherto been found. — loochooana Moore, a specially large subspecies, with the margins loochooana. 
more chestnut-brown, occurring on Formosa and the Loo Choo Islands, is distinguished like niphonica Moore niphonica. 
(vol. I, pi. 28 e $) by having the abdomen dark grey above and white beneath from the red-bodied tytia, 
which is only ringed with white beneath. The genitalia are described in the diagnosis of the group. - 
tityoides Hag. (78 d) is an essentially modified race, which might almost rank as a species. The anterior titgoidcs. 
half of the cell of the forewing blackened, the subapical stripes narrower, hindwing above paler red-brown, 
the discal patches obsolete, hence the red entering the cell. $ with rounded forewing. Everywhere in the 
mountains of Sumatra at elevations of 1000 m., but nowhere common. 
Group Radena. 
In neuration this group approaches Ideopsis, with which Radena has also in common the slight develop¬ 
ment of the androconia, which are scarcely visible to the naked eye and only accompany the . submedian of 
the hindwing. According to my preparations of the neuration, the iiirst subcostal vein is coincident with the 
costal, as in Ideopsis, a condition which is repeated as an aberration in Parantica aglea. But Radena is removed 
from Parantica and Chittira by the very long lower discocellular of the hindwing, which is obliquely directed 
proximad, whilst the longer antennae connect the group with Ideopsis, to which the shape of the valve also 
forms a transition. Uncus cylindrical, relatively short, distally rounded. Valve unusually broad, distally sharply 
truncate, with a beak-shaped tip, which, however, is broader basally than in Ideopsis. Saccus larger than in 
the other Danaids and Euploeas, testicle-shaped. Anal pencil according to Doherty shorter than in all the 
other Danaids, its hairs white at the base, grey distally. Larva with two pairs of tentacles as in Parantica 
and Tirumaila. Pupa trunk-shaped, green with black dots. 
D. similis is one of the commonest butterflies of the East Indies and is distributed from the Loo 
Choo Islands to Palawan and from Ceylon to Sumbawa. It is always found near human settlements, 
flutters heavily over flowers and grasses, is gregarious like most Danaids and emits a repulsive mouse-like 
smell, which emanates from the body. — similis L. is the name-typical subspecies, described from South similis. 
China, and very common in Hong-Kong and Formosa. On the continent similis inhabits the whole of 
Further India without varying locally. As aventina Cr. (78 c) an aberration has been described with the aveniina. 
postcellular spots of the forewing rounded instead of acutely wedge-shaped. -— persimilis Moore belongs to persimilis. 
the dry season and is known from Siam, where it occurs in enormous numbers near Bangkok; it is smaller 
than aventina and has correspondingly narrower grey-green interneural areas. As hyria form. nov. we desig- hyria. 
nate an aberration of like habitus to aventina, but with the vitreous areas on both wings almost twice 
as broad and whitish instead of green. Some of the subapical patches are confluent. Occurs in Annam 
and Tonkin during the rainy season together with the type-form, but is very rare. ■— On the Loo Choo 
Islands Ishigaki and Okinawa there is a race with light green stripes, especially beneath, of almost white- 
green colour and with the submarginal patches much enlarged: tragasa subsp. nov. —- The form from the tragasa. 
Malay Peninsula is well known as vulgaris Btlr., and approximates to macrina Fruhst. (78 b), from West 
Sumatra, which is distinguished from vulgaris by having the entire colouring darker and the vitreous 
patches reduced. Flies all the year round, one brood following another. Only in February and March, 
when an interruption occurs in the regular rains, worn specimens are met with, so that Martin assumes 
that wet weather is essential to its emergence. — vulgaroides Fruhst. is very common on Java, especially vulgaroides. 
in the east, at elevations of 300—500 m. The marginal and subapical dots and strigae smaller, narrower 
and shorter than in macrina. The apical spots and the basal streak in the cell of the forewing more 
reduced, also the postcellular patches smaller. Under surface of the wings darker, the bands brownish 
instead of whitish. —- megaroides Fruhst.. which is the most melanotic of the races hitherto known, inhabits megaroides. 
Nias; smaller than macrina, but has in proportion to its size larger white submarginal dots on the fore¬ 
wing, Avhilst the whitish bands of the hindwing are strongly reduced. The small ultracellular wedge-spots 
of the forewing are shorter than in macrina and also in macra Doh., from Engano, which latter differs both macra. 
from Javan and Nias examples in the darker green stripes and dots, but .especially in the projecting 
apical part of the forewing. Borneo examples and also from the Natuna Islands are scarcely distin¬ 
guishable from megaroides from Nias and to some extent form a transition from .Nias specimens to vulga¬ 
roides from Java. The name interposita subsp. nov. might be introduced for them. — Strikingly different interposita. 
from Macromalayan similis is the form inhabiting Ceylon, which is known as exprompta Btlr. (78 b); it was exprompta. 
formerly very common at Colombo, but according to recent records has now disappeared from there. 
$ even more broadly striped and lighter than the with the forewing more rounded. — nicobarica nicubarica. 
Wood-Mas. so strongly recalls juventa that for years I had it placed in my collection as juventa subsp. 
