212 
DANAIDA. By H. Fruhslorfer. 
Forewing with very broad cell-streak, the subapic-al patches joined together and rounded bluish white 
intramedian areas. Cell-streak and discal spots of the hindwing smaller than those of exprompta. Nicobars, 
palawana. apparently very rare. — palawana Stgr. (78 c) closely resembles Papilio macareus in consequence of the 
much widened strigae and submarginal patches of both wings. Cell-streak of the hindwing distinct, distally 
sumbawana. forked, but not so strongly developed as in the preceding races. Palawan, January, not rare. •— surriba- 
wana Fruhst. (77 b), of which a $ is figured, erroneously described on the plate as a <$, shows still more 
extended white areas and patches, on the other hand the cell-streak of the hindwing is much reduced. 
lesora. The are even lighter than the $$, with the apex more produced. Sumbawa, rare. — Iesora sub-sp. nov. 
is distinguished by a broad black marginal area, smaller wedge-shaped subapical spots and more isolated 
transcellular patches on the forewing. Under surface of both wings traversed by broad black veins, the 
fork in the cell more pronounced. Flores, likewise rare, and so similar to juventa that I have only now 
kambera. learnt to place it in the similis- group. — Finally, kambera Doh. is clearly the product of an island with 
a long dry season; its forewing may be described as white, with narrow black margins. The cell-streak 
of the hindwing is rudimentary, but the principal character of the form is the broad white subapical 
areas of the forewing, kambera is almost a distinct species and on account of its resemblance to juventa I 
formerly referred it as well as the preceding form to that species. But the valve is exactly as in similis, 
which, however, can scarcely be distinguished from the valve of juventa. Sumba, apparently very rare. 
oberthueri. D. oberthueri Doh. is an entirely isolated species, only occurring on Sumba, wdiere it appears to 
replace the common similis. But apart from the shape it has scarcely any resemblance to it. Ground¬ 
colour deep black, in the changing on the hindwing into a light brown. Forewing otherwise as in 
similis, but without marginal patches and with the ultracellular series of hyaline spots broadened into a 
conspicuous band, cell of the hindwing without fork, the transcellular patches and submedian stripes more 
than twice as large as in similis. Under surface of the forewing black-brown, that of the hindwing washed- 
out grey-brown. 
D. juventa, like melissa and affinis, is one of those Danaids which occur throughout the tropics 
of the East, and is even more susceptible to climatic influences than these, with the result that it splits 
up into an almost unprecedented number of geographical races. It is interesting that juventa nowhere 
extends to the continent and is hence a typical island species. Its occurrence in Malacca and Perak has 
indeed been reported, but it is apparently still rare, having perhaps only migrated there quite recently, 
and moreover the southern part of the Malay Peninsula has so pronounced an insular character and such 
a thoroughly maritime climate that this coast species would be quite in its element there. In its hori¬ 
zontal distribution juventa, like melissa, is wan ting on Suma tra, also it does not seem to occur on Nias 
and the Ba-tu Islands, but it is found on Engano, which it may probably have reached from Java. — 
Larva of the various island races apparently differing; black on Java, Semper figures it entirely white 
from Manila. Legs on Java black, on the Philippines red. Larval stages on the Philippines 14—16 days, 
pupal stage 9—10. Semper believes he has observed seasonal forms. On Java the species flies all the 
year round, but only in January during the heaviest rains occurs in enormous numbers and probably 
does not ascend beyond 600 m. above sea-level. Valve as described in the diagnosis of Badena, scarcely 
juventa. distinguishable from that of similis. — juventa Cr., the first described subspecies, inhabits Java and Bali; 
like all the allied races it has the forewing more rounded in the $ than in the differing from the 
figured mincia Fruhst. (78 b) in the shorter vitreous yellow-white spots at the apex of the cell and between 
mincia. the medians of the forewing. — niincia inhabits the island of Bawean, which though so near to Java is 
noted for its highly differentiated endemic forms, which sometimes might almost rank as species and 
hitherto in most cases have been introduced as such. As in 7'ita of the Parantica- group mincia is also 
tonga, characterized by the enlarged and still more transparent vitreous spots of both wings. — longa Doh. on the 
contrary offers an excellent example of island melanism, with its sharply defined, small-dotted marginal 
areas and thickly black veins, which only leave narrow greenish white vitreous stripes; in this longa recalls 
tontoliensis (78 a) rather than juventa. Very common on Engano. Principal time of flight April. — If large 
series of juventa from Java and from Lombok are placed side by side, it is seen that the Lombok examples, 
phana. phana Fruhst., are larger and bear lighter and more extended hyaline patches, but a darker, black distal 
border to the wings. This marginal border has smaller white dots than in the Javan race. The white 
comma-shaped streak between the subcostal veins of the forewing is longer, the ultracellular and cellular 
patches of the forewing are larger than in juventa. phana occurs on Lombok up to elevations of 2000 ft. 
stictica, and is not rare even in the village gardens. — stictica Fruhst. is larger than phana, the black transverse 
streak before the cell of the forewing begins to disappear, so that the cell may be described as trans¬ 
parent throughout. All the median areas on both wings very large, the submarginal dots, especially in 
kallatia. the $$, almost always united. Sumbawa, not rare. — kallatia Fruhst., from Kalao, quite suggests a dry- 
season form, perhaps a result of the long almost rainless period to which the butterflies of Ivalao are 
exposed. All the hyaline patches purer white but less transparent than in stictica, submarginal patches 
very distinct, but both rows of subapical spots more reduced than in Sumbawa cell of the forewing 
