216 
IDEOPSIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
black bands from the pure white ground. The upper discocellular of the hindwing is longer than the 
others, in which Ideopsis differs from Badena. But the genitalia have no connection at all with Hestia 
and approximate to Badena in the similar non-dentate valve, which shows only a ventral point. Uncus 
somewhat shorter than in Badena with two short bristle-bearing appendages resembling a roller or willow- 
catkins. 
The early stages are unfortunately not yet known, for what Horsfield and Moore figured 
as such in 1857 belong without doubt to Hestia malabarica or agamarscliana; but it is tolerably certain 
that larva and pupa resemble those of Badena more than of Iiestia. 
Precostal of the hindwing originating at the origin of the subcostal vein as in Danaida and the claws 
simple, without paronychia, which indicates a further difference from Hestia. 
The antennae of the UG are more abruptly clubbed than those of the $$, whose antennae ap¬ 
proximate more to the Danaid form, in the U 8—9 segments, in the $ 10—11, are united to form the club. 
The species of Ideopsis mostly occur in company with Hestias and like these are fond of flying up 
and down along streams in the woods, in shady places hut when the sun is bright, especially in the 
morning; their flight is Danaid-like and lacks the slow, majestic sailing motion of Hestia. 
Ideopsis is a purely Malayan genus, inhabiting the whole of Macromalayana, the Philippines, Celebes 
and all the larger Moluccan islands, but wanting in Micromalayana and also on the Aru and Key Groups, 
and its most eastern offshoot reaches Dutch New Guinea. 
Structurally the species are broken up into two groups: a) With elongate clubs to the antennae, 
which are well rounded (transverse section). 2 nd subcostal of the forewing arising at the apex of the cell, 
so that the upper discocellular is wanting. Ideopsis Moore, b) With oval clubs to the antennae, which 
are compressed. 2 nd subcostal arising before the apex of the cell, so that there is a distinct upper dis¬ 
cocellular. Aiantliis Fruhst. 
Group Ideopsis Moore (= Gamana Moore). 
All the species with Iiestia -like grey, semitransparent wings. 
gaura. I. gaura Horsf. inhabits eastern and western Java and occurs locally from the coast-forests up to 
about 800 m. throughout the whole year. U? similar to costalis (76 a), but with more extended black 
markings, in which are placed large, white, roundish submarginal patches. On the other hand 
the black spot at the apex of the cell of the hindwing is but little developed. 
perakana. 
natunensis. 
daos. 
infumata. 
ardana. 
palawana. 
lingana. 
sonia. 
eudora. 
I. daos is very susceptible to climatic influences and is broken up into a series of island races, 
both Sumatra and Borneo even having two separate local races. The species reaches the maximum of 
its development on the Malay Peninsula, where occurs perakana Fruhst. (76 a), distinguished by its size, 
the milk-white ground-colour especially in the $ and the large black patches at the apex of the cell of 
both wings. The submarginal row of spots on the forewing does not increase in size so regularly and 
gradually as in gaura and the other forms of daos, on the contrary the three upper subapical dots are 
very small, but the following three very large, without any intergradation. On Penang Martin found 
the butterfly in company with Hestia linteata Btlr. When at rest large specimens of perakana were not 
distinguishable from small Hestia, but they were known at once by their flight, which is more rapid in 
Ideopsis than in the sluggish Hestia. —■ natunensis subsp. nov. closely approaches p> era kana, has the same 
expanse and the patches at the discocellular of the same size, hut the black submarginal spots of the 
forewing are essentially smaller and more elongated, and the median veins more thickly bordered with 
black. Natuna Islands, not rare. — daos Bdv. is the name-type, probably from South Borneo. Ground¬ 
colour, particularly that of the smoke-brown, which in the JU is also noticeable beneath. with 
specially dark upper surface Martin has called f. infumata. Very common at Banjermasin in South- 
East Borneo and at the Kapuas River in South-West Borneo. —- ardana subsp. nov. is probably the moun¬ 
tain race of Northern Borneo, taken by Waterstradt in large numbers at the Kinabalu. Both sexes 
appreciably smaller, the black patches somewhat reduced, the ground-colour more uniform, dark, vitreous, 
without brown or whitish tinge and even the white marginal spots of both wings less developed. — 
palawana subsp. nov. is the form from Palawan, which is still more dwarfed than ardana, and in which 
the black submarginal patches of the hindwing are placed very near to the marginal spots and like all 
the other spots are smaller than in ardana. — lingana subsp. nov. forms the transition from perakana to 
the race from north-eastern Sumatra and is exactly intermediate in size between the two. It has in com¬ 
mon with perakana the distinct cell-spots and the very broadly black costal margin of the forewing, but 
the $ is coloured like that of sonia. Islands of the Lingga Archipelago to the south of Singapore. — 
sonia Fruhst. is a small form approaching costalis, hut with lighter ground-colour in the the $ with the 
submarginal patches of the hindwing twice as large and the median veins of the forewing very broadly 
black. Common in the Sultanat Deli, North Sumatra. — Finally, eudora Gray is the West Sumatran 
mountain race, with dark vitreous areas on both wings as in ardana from North Borneo. Neighbourhood of 
