HESTIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
219 
at the southern point of the Indian peninsula. — kanarensis Moore, described from North • Kanara and 
South Konkan, is a small race with blue-white, semitransparent wings, with two black isolated patches 
in the cell of the forewing, veins of both wings at the distal part with cuff-shaped figures, which are 
proximally widened as in fumata (74 b). Upon these follow at a less distance than in fumata a row of 
irregularly shaped submarginal patches, and there is an oblong subbasal spot at the submedian vein and a 
rounded patch between the median veins below the cell-wall. Markings of the cell otherwise as in fumata, 
but all the black spots smaller. Flies from January to the end of March at about 500-—600 m. — mala- 
barica Moore is a race which so closely approaches lynceus fumata in the strongly widened black spots 
and in its size that by earlier authors it was cited in the local lists of Indian butterflies as lynceus. It is, 
however, a subspecies of jasonia, although again jasonia must be regauled as only the western represent¬ 
ative of lynceus from Anterior India and Ceylon. The butterflies are common, though they are said to 
be difficult to catch, as they fly high. They have, however, the habit of sailing slowly down from the 
tops of trees with the wings outspread, describing wide circles, sometimes approaching the surface of small 
mountain streams, where they hang for a time over their own reflection, and then return again to their 
tree-tops in as ghostly a manner as they appeared. x\ccording to Moore they do not seem to occur- 
below 300 m., but ascend to 1200 m. The butterflies fly all the year round and are reported as occurring 
abundantly from February to April and again from August to November. Egg white, oval, with longitu¬ 
dinal rows of hexagonal grooves, fastened singly on leaves. Larva cylindrical with small head, black with 
legs of the same colour and four pairs of tentacles, broadly ringed with white with red lateral patches 
above and between the prolegs. Pupa yellowish, canoe-shaped, covered with black streaks and dots. 
Pupal stage 18 days. The larva when first hatched yellowish, but with black head and legs, eating holes 
in the middle of the leaf. Only when it becomes larger does it begin to attack the edge like other larvae 
and mostly remains on the underside of the leaf. The larva takes 20—25 days to feed up. As food-plant 
an Apocynaceae, Aganosoma cynosa, is known. Malabar. -—- jasonia Wesiw. occurs commonly on Ceylon, 
especially in the northern part of the island. In general somewhat darker than malabarica, more yellowish 
instead of white, with all the black markings enlarged. The black costal spot and the transverse band in 
the cell of the forewing always joined together. There are also $$ with the under surface of both wings 
suffused with black-brown (diabolica form. nov.). Larva, which was first discovered in 1899, on a climbing 
plant allied to the genus Hoya, dark velvety black with broad pale yellow rings and ornamented with a 
lateral carmine-red spot on each segment from the sixth to the twelfth. Pupa unknown, but from the 
evident relationship to malabarica certainly very similar to that. Butterflies only a few feet above the 
ground, always in woods and by preference in the neighbourhood of water. In the late afternoon they are 
so tired or sluggish that one can go round among them, and even strike with the net, without the neigh¬ 
bouring butterflies being frightened away. They are said to'ascend to 5000 ft. above sea-level. — aga- 
marschana Fldr. inhabits Tenasserim, where it is said to be not rare in mangrove-swamps. It differs from 
jasonia in the much widened subapical cell-band and submedian band on the forewing, whilst the hindwing 
is scarcely distinguishable from that of kanarensis. In the Mergui Archipelago a larger, paler race is said 
to occur. — arrakana subsp. nov. is a local race with yellowish instead of whitish wings and with the 
apical spots of the forewing less sharply expressed and more confluent. Akyab, Arrakan. — margherita 
Fruhst. differs in the still darker ground-colour with much broader black distal border to the hindwing 
above. Margherita, Upper Assam, discovered by W. Doherty. — cadeili Wood-M. reaches the maximum 
in the progressive development of the black markings, which on the forewing only leave a very narrow 
white subapical area and a median area about the width of the thumb. The hindwing is bordered by a 
compact black band and both the cell-spot and the submarginal patches are almost twice as large as in 
kanarensis. Hitherto only known from Port Blair, where it flies chiefly in April. 
H. hadeni Wood-M. (75 b) is perhaps only a branch form of jasonia, but as it is treated by all 
authors as a species, I follow their, example. The white subapical area of the forewing is entirely sup¬ 
pressed by the deep black margin, which is almost uniformly broad on both wings. The species is very 
rare and has only been found as yet near Bassein at the estuary of the Irawaddi. 
H. lynceus, a purely Macromalayan species, of which hitherto five local forms have been described. 
The name-type lynceus Drury probably came from Sumatra and is based on a $ with white-grey ground¬ 
colour. All the races belonging to lynceus are distinguished by a dense black dusting on the upperside of 
both wings, which in the allied species logdni Moore is only feebly present, and a broad stumpy valve 
with only two ventral points and appreciable dorsal notch. All the forms, and also those of logani, bear 
a black spot at the subcostal of the hindwing, which is very dissimilar in shape, and varies in that it 
is sometimes only punctiform, but is occasionally continued as a narrow band to the costa. The costal 
area of the hindwing in the lynceus -group always bears two further black spots, a central one, which is 
placed free, and a subbasal which touches the cell-margin, lynceus is not rare on Sumatra and in the 
Deli Sultanate quite as common as in western Sumatra. According to Martin it is not found in the 
plains but at the outer slopes of the mountains, where the rainfall is larger than in the alluvial land, and 
kanarensis. 
malabarica. 
jasonia. 
diabolica. 
agamar- 
schana. 
arrakana. 
margherita. 
cadeili. 
hadeni. 
lynceus. 
