230 
EUPLOEA. By H. Frtthstorfer. 
marsdeni. 
heylaertsi. 
niasica. 
nagasena. 
mentavica. 
tenggerensis. 
pagen- 
stecheri. 
singaradha. 
crameri. 
pryeri. 
daatensis. 
labuana. 
lanista. 
malayica. 
stolli. 
be met with in abundance in the Mergui Archipelago from December to March. — marsdeni Moore, is the form 
from the Malay Peninsula, which as a rule has the white spots of the forewing somervhat reduced and forms 
the transition from bremeri to heylaertsi. — heylaertsi Moore (86 d.) is considered one of the commonest species 
of Sumatra, where it ascends from the alluvial plains to about 500 m and even flies about in village gardens. 
According to Martin examples sometimes occur which show a short, but occasionally even a distinct 
and longer sexual stripe on the forewing. — niasica Moore is smaller than heylaertsi and in consequence all the 
white markings of the $$ are also reduced. On the other hand in the $$ there is a supplementary row of nar¬ 
row, partly violet transcellular spots on the forewing, which are wanting in heylaertsi. But at the same time 
the rows of white dots on the upperside’Mf the hindwing are entirely suppressed. Nias, very common. — na¬ 
gasena Fruhst. (82 b). Intermediate between niasica Moore and mentavica Hagen, differing considerably from 
both, but approximating more to the Nias race, nagasena differs from niasica in the much smaller white dots 
on both wings, whilst apart from the shape of the wings it has only the scheme of markings on the forewing 
in common with mentavica. nagasena bears 2 complete submarginal rows of white clots on the forewing, of 
which the dots of the admarginal row are all of equal size and are united into 6 pairs, while the proximal row 
is more concave and consists only of 7 small, widely separated spots, of which the second subapical patch, re¬ 
sembling a pin’s head, is the largest. In the median part near the costal margin there are further some obso¬ 
lete dots, otherwise the deep black forewing is without markings above. On the under surface all these dots 
are reproduced, and in addition there is on both wings a row of small ultracellular dots, of which in the type 
the forewing shows 7, the hindwing 8. — In mentavica Hag. some of the white dots on the upper surface dis¬ 
appear, only 3 remaining on the forewing in the <$. On the other hand the proximal submarginal row of the 
hindwing extends above and beneath from the costal margin to the anal angle, instead of terminating before 
the middle of the wing, as in nagasena. Mentawej Islands. — OnEngano no crameri- race has yet been observed. 
tenggerensis Fruhst., a rare form of Eastern Ja,va, is essentially modified, a true product of a district with 
pronounced dry season, pale brown, with a few scattered large white rounded, patches of unequal size, which 
are arranged similarly as in nagasena. $ with the usual spots before the apex of the cell, a row of 7 discal, 
9 submarginal and 9—11 antemarginal dots on the forewing. Hindwing without cell-patch and with abbre¬ 
viated. median row of white dots, all of which are inclined to bluish on the under surface. Valve smaller than 
in crameri, distally scarcely concave, with, sharper vertral point. Tengger Mountains at 500 —800 m. •— pa- 
genstecheri Hag. as a rule bears on a deep black ground only 3—4 well developed subapical patches of une¬ 
qual size, a small dot in the costal margin and only very rarely small discal dots. Only the $ shows the spot 
usually found in crameri before the apex of the cell in the forewing and 1—2 median patches. Bawean. not rare. 
— singaradha Fruhst., from Bali, approximates closely to crameri from Borneo, with which, it shows much 
more analogy than with the subspecies from Bawean and Java. Forewing always with distinct large submar¬ 
ginal spots, continued to the lower median, and particularly in the $ with extended, wedge-shaped median 
patches. Like all the Bali butterflies singaradha is only of very small size. —- crameri Luc. (= johanna Kir¬ 
by) is next to pagenstecheri the melanotic extreme of the species with the white spots of the forewing re¬ 
duced and as a rule with the rows of dots on the upperside of the hindwing entirely absent. Valve somewhat 
less robustly built than in heylaertsi. Distributed over the whole of Borneo with the exception of the extreme 
north. — From there pryeri Moore is known, which again recalls heylaertsi by the larger amount of white, 
but is as a rule smaller and with the subapical patches somewhat more rounded. Sandakan. — daatensis Moore 
is said to differ from crameri in the relatively broader and larger subapical spots and in an almost complete 
row of antemarginal clots on the forewing. Hindwing likewise with distinct rows of white dots. Island of Daat, 
North Borneo. — labuana Moore approaches pryeri in having 2 rows of small white submarginal dots on the 
hinclwing. Island of Labuan, North Borneo. — lanista Fruhst., from Natuna, differs from crameri in the more 
profuse dotting of both wings and is intermediate between crameri and pryeri Moore. The $$ bear an admar¬ 
ginal row of 7 small white spots and a submarginal row of 8 very much larger white spots of unequal size; there 
is likewise a costal .spot beyond the cell and a small white dot between the 2nd and 3rd median veins. The hind¬ 
wing bears on the upper surface 2 complete rows of small white dots, while in crameri these are either entirely 
absent or only one row is visible, especially in South Bornean specimens. The under surface is likewise more 
copiously dotted and differs from crameri in the double row of white dots on the hindwing. The $ may be 
easily distinguished from that of crameri by the presence of larger admarginal dots; the 3 discal dots are also 
much more prominent than in crameri. On the upperside of the hindwing the inner submarginal row is not 
so strongly developed as in pryeri but on the underside again complete. 
E. malayica, a typical Macromalayan species, of which we figure the commonest branch-race, ma¬ 
layica Btlr. (80 b). The is deep black-brown with considerably smaller submarginal dots and mostly with the 
cell-spot and median patches much reduced. The as a rule bear on the hindwing above only a mostly in¬ 
complete row of white submarginal dots, malayica inhabits the true tropical forests, but nowhere ascends above 
the lowlands; it is fond of sailing about at a good height over small clearings and is found all the year round, 
but without occurring in great abundance. Malay Peninsula, North-East and (South-West Sumatra. — stolli 
Weym. inhabits Nias and is inferior to malayica in size and consequently also in the development of the white 
