250 
EUPjLOEA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
mulciber. 
kalinga. 
vandeven- 
teri. 
verhuelli. 
m aass L 
bcitunensis. 
malakoni. 
basilissa. 
donada. 
portia. 
paupera. 
mindana- 
ensis. 
race known, both sexes distinguished by unusually large subapical patches with well developed white centres on 
the forewing, but in the ? the influence of the island melanism is shown by the white stripes of the hind¬ 
wing being very thin and occasionally entirely absent in the cell. Formosa, up to 4000 ft., on the wing 
especially July — August. — mulciber Cr. (= midamus auct., linnaei Moore), described from China and the 
Coromandel Coast, inhabits the whole of continental South Asia from China and Tonkin to Singapore, and 
is met with from the sea-coast up to 2000 m. wherever there are flowering shrubs and trees to attract it. 
In the north-western Himalayas it is already rare. According to the season there occur very small examples 
(Siam, January) and strikingly large specimens (Tonkin, Assam, July). According to my observations the anal 
pencils are pushed out with nervous haste and drawn in again just as quickly, and at the same time an 
extremely pungent smell is emitted, which is also present in the ??. — kalinga Boh. is a name given to 
a race from Southern India which I have not seen, and which moreover is synonymous with elaudius F. if the 
locality “Tranquebariae” of Fabricius should prove to be correct. According to the description kalinga 
differs from mulciber in the c? only in having less blue reflection on the forewing, which bears larger white 
patches, and in the somewhat smaller sexual spot on the hindwing. The ? is said only to differ from the cf 
in the absence of the sexual spot on the hindwing and of any trace of white longitudinal bands in the cell. 
Hitherto only known from the Ganyam District near Madras. — vandeventeri Forbes can only with difficulty 
be separated from continental mulciber; but if large series are compared, West Sumatran examples in particular 
can be distinguished by the more pronounced white dotting of the forewing in the cdcf and the more extended 
adneural striation of the hindwing in the ??. vandeventeri is the commonest Euploea of the alluvial plain of 
Sumatra, where it flies all the year round, one generation following another continually. Banka, Billiton (?). 
verhuelli Moore differs from the Sumatran sister-race in the considerably enlarged white subapical wedge- 
spots, slightly margined with blue, and the entire absence of the discal patches of the forewing. The ? likewise 
bears large subapical white smears, which are continued as rounded patches in the middle of the wing. Nias. 
maassi Hag. is a still very rare race from the Mentawej Islands with only one row of light blue round 
(apically not wedge-shaped) submarginal spots on the forewing. ? pale brown, without a trace of a blue 
reflection, the interneural stripes somewhat tinged with brownish. — batunensis Fruhst. (=nidana Fruhst.) 
is the darkest island form which is yet known from the Sumatran region. In batunensis the blue ground¬ 
colour of the upper surface is darkened; the white marginal dotting of the hindwing is entirely absent and 
on the forewing we only notice four rather dark blue submarginal spots and some indistinct admarginal dots. 
The dotting of the under surface is likewise reduced, especially the small circumcellular blue spots on the 
hindwing. The forewing bears below the cell between the middle median and the submedian peculiar grey 
scent-scales (corresponding with the friction-spot on the upperside of the hindwing), which in other forms of 
mulciber are tinged with yellowish. Batoe. — malakoni Boh. again approaches in appearance the Sumatran 
form, as it bears two rows of submarginal light blue patches on the forewing and the usual cell-spot. The 
? is above brown throughout, the subapical patches obsolescent, dusted with brown, forewing without trace 
of a blue or violet tinge, c? not rare in April on the Island of Engano. — basilissa Cr. (85 a) is a typical 
Javan butterfly and on account of its abundance one of the most striking species among the Lepidoptera of 
the island. Particularly in the heaviest rainy season basilissa sometimes occurs in many thousands, thus in 
January-February 1892 in the Bay of Palabuan, where in the open forest and at the edge of the woods, 
together with Radena juventa, they were so abundant that it was difficult to catch the better species. No 
other local race has the subapical blue reflection so sharply defined, so large a white spot before the apex 
of the cell or so strong a submarginal double row of white patches on the forewing and such pronounced 
white striation on the hindwing as basilissa. The latter characters are even somewhat more pronounced in 
the race from Bali. Very common near Batavia and on Bawean (July—September). In West Java occurs 
an interesting but rare ?-form, which forms the transition to malakoni Boh. and maassi Hag., shows no trace 
of blue sheen on the forewing above, darkened white bands on the hindwing and a reduction of the rounded 
patches on the forewing, and is apparently only found in the rainy season (f. donada form nov .) (85 a as 
basilissa). Palabuan. Batavia. — portia Fruhst. approximates very nearly to malakoni Boh. in the strongly 
reduced blue dotting of the forewing compared with basilissa; the ? shows somewhat blue reflection on the 
forewing, but differs both from the Javan and the Sumatran race in the insignificant white adneural striation 
of the hindwing. North and South Borneo, Natuna Islands. — paupera St.gr. approaches the continental mulciber 
in the large light blue spots of the forewing, but the submarginal patches have no white centres; the ? as 
in malakoni and donada without trace of a violet or blue tinge and only differing from the figured donada 
in having the white interneural areas of the hindwing somewhat broader. Palawan, rather rare. — mindanaensis 
Semp. cf, upper surface of fore- and hindwing, so far as the latter is not occupied by the furry spot, with 
brilliant steel-blue gloss; at the distal margin of the forewing a proximal row consisting of 8 larger blue 
dots and a distal row composed of 12 smaller ones which are not much subject to variation. Under surface: 
on the forewing there are sometimes some blue dots present at the costal margin in addition to the two usual 
rows of blue marginal dots and the 2—8 placed on the middle of the wing; the hindwing bears, besides the 
distal row composed of 14 dots, a proximal row of 12 or less, of which the 8 placed next to the inner 
angle are elongate, streak-like, the others round and occasionally bipartite. The ground-colour is darker 
