288 
YPTHIMA. By H. Frijhstorfer. 
torone. 
lisandra. 
micromma- 
tus. 
minuta. 
avanta. 
ordinatu. 
cerealis. 
striata. 
sing ala. 
thora. 
ypthimoi- 
des 
chenui. 
zodia. 
albescens. 
bolanica. 
affectata. 
sobrina. 
is dark brown, the apical ocellus of the BS relatively small, sometimes oblong, that of the $$ large, with distinct 
white pupil and broad yellow bordering. — torone subsp. nov. differs in having the under surface of both wings 
light grey instead of striated with brown, as Distant already pointed out in 1883. Very rare, Perak, North- 
East Sumatra and the neighbourhood of Pad.ang in West Sumatra. 
Y. lisandra Cr. (99 e), although first described as long ago as 1782, is one of the rarest and least known 
species. There are two forms of the <$, the normal one, with a small apical eye-spot on the forewing, and the 
rarer one figured, without this. On the under surface the oblong apical ocellus has two distinct white pupils, 
the hindwing shows 2 apical and 2 subanal eye-spots, narrower and margined with darker yellow than in baldus, 
while in the anal angle, but placed less proximally, there is one other ocellus, never two as in baldus. Moreover, 
the whole under surface is darker brown, with more uniform and finer transverse striation than in baldus. Col¬ 
lected by me in Tonkin, Manson Mountains, April-May at about 1500 m., also from Hong-Ivong in my col¬ 
lection. — micrommatus Holl., described from Hainan, is an interesting local race; judging from the figure 
it is an intermediate form, lighter grey than lisandra, with smaller ocelli on the hindwing beneath. The fore- 
wing bears the small apical eye-spot which is so characteristic of normal lisandra. — minuta Mats., described 
from Formosa, probably also belongs here, unless it proves to be a form of asterope or huebneri. 
Y. avanta Moore is an extremely variable species, but little distributed in continental collections, which 
inhabits almost the whole Indian Empire from Kashmir to Tenasserim and. has advanced beyond the south¬ 
ern extremity of India to Ceylon. The name-type is the dry-season form, from which ordinata Btlr. of the 
rainy season differs in its larger size and the larger ocelli on the under surface, which are arranged much as 
in baldus. The dry-season form bears, as in baldus, two brown longitudinal bands on the under surface. — ce¬ 
realis Wats., described from the sterile region of Upper Burma, is a well defined local race, coming from a district 
entirely without trees; smaller than the Himalayan form, with the under surface clear white instead, of slate-grey 
and almost without longitudinal bands. Androconia nearly absent on the forewing above. — striata Hmps. 
is still smaller, beneath, likewise whitish, but with distinct submarginal brown longitudinal bands. The striation 
more delicate than in avanta and the yellow bordering of the ocelli more strongly expressed. The dry-season 
form as usual lias the eye-spots much less developed. From 2—4000 ft., in the Nilgiris, the rainy-season form 
appearing in August, the other in December and January. — singala Fldr. (99 c) is somewhat darker than avanta 
with less of the purple gloss. Upper surface sometimes without eye-spots, thora Moore is the dry-season form 
with the ocelli on the underside of the hindwing reduced. Rare in Ceylon, flying about long grass at the edges 
of coffee-gardens and occurring at about 1000 m. The West Chinese avanta, already mentioned in vol. 1, p. 92, will 
certainly prove to be different from the North Indian race. 
Y. ypthimoides Moore (= robinsoni Dist.) (99 cl) is a species peculiar to South India, that home of 
so many endemic forms. Colouring of the upper surface dark brown throughout, with a bi-pupilled apical 
ocellus, constricted in the middle, and. two eye-spots on the hindwing, somewhat larger than mere dots. The 
$ is lighter than the $ and shows clearer yellow bordering to the eye-spots of the forewing. The under sur¬ 
face of the hindwing is traversed by a weak, narrow, grey-white longitudinal band, ypthimoides shows a prefer¬ 
ence for grass-covered peaks at altitudes of 1000 to about 1500 m. 
Y. chenui Guer. (99 d), of which we figure the dry-season form, shows a very large, as it were flattened- 
out, apical eye-spot on the forewing, bi-pupilled with blue and. broadly margined with a beautiful light yellow. 
Hindwing with one or two punctiform spots. The wet-season brood is adorned, with distinct ocelli on the under¬ 
side of the hindwing. Common on rocky hills. Four generations are known in the year and the butterfly is 
never met with below 5000 ft., but ascends to 6700 ft. Locality hitherto only the Nilgiris in South India. 
Y. zodia Btlr. (vol. 1, p. 91, 34 a) belongs to the same series of forms as chenui. — albescens Pouj. is very 
likely the rainy-season form of zodia, of which I have before me only examples without eye-spots. West China. 
Y. bolanica Marsh., above umber-brown, with an oval, oblique, bi-pupilled ocellus. Hindwing above 
with a small eye-spot. Under surface similar to that of chenui, but variegated more with brown instead of grey- 
black. Both wings traversed by a brown longitudinal band, hindwing with three subapical ocelli, an anal one 
and an accessory eye-spot below the latter. From Beluchistan and Campbellpore. Rare. 
Y. affectata Elw. & Edw. belongs likewise to the baldus-series of forms, but is larger and darker, 
yet in spite of the difference in the valve Elwes thinks that affectata may possibly be only a rainy-season form 
of his similis. The sexual spot of the BS is wanting. Assam, but very rare. 
Y. sobrina Elw. & Edw., from the Karen Hills in Burma, resembles marshalli above, as also in the 
pattern and colouring, and is therefore evidently erected on an example belonging to the dry-season. The form 
of the valve, which is said to be different from those of the baldus- races, was decisive for the erection of the 
species, which still remains rare and is unknown to me in nature. 
