292 
YPTHIMA. By H. Frith storfer. 
from the rainy-season form, nowhere rare in Assam, but in Sikkim extremely sparsely represented, and there 
observed at about 1000 m. The Assam specimens, and also those of the dry-season form, are essentially darker 
than Sikkim examples and have larger eye-spots. As the dry-season form has not yet been christened, I would 
(jela. propose the name gela form. nov. for. it. It coincides with fig. 99 g. The upper surface may be described as 
vandyke brown. The hind.wing bears always two anal ocelli, the $ also an apical ocellus on the upper surface. 
In the ^ of the form gela there is sometimes further an apical accessory eye-spot, also in one $ the anal ocelli 
are diffuse and tear-shaped. The rainy-season form flies in August in Sikkim and Bhotan, whilst gela, the 
persimilis. generation of the cold season, was observed in February and March. — persimilis Elw. & Edw. bears no sexual 
stripe on the forewing above and the anal ocelli of the hindwing are not as in methora and gela, but only orna¬ 
mented with two white pupils. From Mao, Manipur, from elevations of 7000 ft. Rare. 
dohertyi. Y. dohertyi Moore closely approximates to methora, so that it should perhaps be treated as a local race 
of this, for even the trifling deviations in the distal part of the valve may just as well be individual as due 
to its geographical separation from the centre of the collective species. But as dohertyi is unknown to me in 
nature I accept the opinion of Bingham and Elwes as to its status. with more prominent sexual spot 
on the forewing. Upper surface paler brown, the anal ocellus of the hindwing divided. Under surface whitish 
with small, short brown stripes, the longitudinal bands indistinct. Eye-spots of the under surface with very 
broad yellow iris. Localities: Upper Burma and Pegu, at about 2000 ft. 
savara. Y. savara Gr.-Sm. bears likewise a distinct grey androconia-patch with dull gloss on the forewing. 
The upper surface is lighter brown than even in gela and beneath both wings are traversed by two brown 
longitudinal bands. The type came from Upper Tenasserim, other examples were found at Tungo in March 
and April and Doherty afterwards discovered this rare species in Pegu at about 600 m., likewise in March-April. 
tonkiniana. — fonkiniana subsp. nov. (99 f) differs from savara in the usual darker colouring of Tonkin butterflies, the conse¬ 
quently much widened longitudinal bands on the underside of the wings, and the larger ocelli, which are almost 
circular instead of oval and have the light yellow bordering still more extended. Rare in Tonkin, very local, 
collected by me only at Chiem-Hoa, July-August, at about 500 m. 
e 
conjuncta. Y. conjuncta Leech (vol. 1, p. 93, pi. 34lij has the same arrangement of the anal ocelli on the hindwing 
as savara, but the ground-colour is almost black-bro wn and the apical eye-spot of the forewing essentially smaller. 
formosana. Central and West China, common. — formosana Fruhst. ( = tappana Mats.) (99 f) is smaller than conjuncta, 
the eye-spots on the forewing are also considerably smaller than in methora from Assam and conjuncta, the under 
surface of the wings lighter grey and the ocelli more narrowly bordered with dark yellow. Not rare on Formosa, 
ascending to 4000 ft. 
Y. sakra I consider the most striking species of the genus and the easiest to determine; it is indeed 
the only one which has the ground-colour on the underside of both wings yellow-brown and which bears two 
large ocelli, but surrounded by a single border, in the costal area of the hindwing. Three branch-races are known: 
nikaea. nikaea Moore (vol. 1, p. 93, pi. 34 e) is the form of the western Himalayas, which is paler beneath and also 
sakra. of smaller size and is very common particularly at the higher elevations from 3 — 11 000 ft. — s^kra Moore 
comes in every consignment from Sikkim and Bhotan, where it must be regarded as by far the commonest 
species of the genus from 2000 — 8000 ft. Only the rainy-season form is known, which from March to November 
austeni. is a typical butterfly of the highroads, enlivening the grassy and bushy waysides. — austeni Moore is if any¬ 
thing somewhat larger than sakra from Sikkim, the $ considerably darker, without the fine yellow-brown mar¬ 
bling on the upper surface. Moreover the under surface no longer shows the beautiful colouring of sakra, but 
is inclined rather to grey-brown, yet the ocelli are somewhat larger and. more uniform. Assam, Burma, not 
matinia. common. — matinia subsp. nov. surpasses sakra in size and the under surface, particularly that of the hindwing, 
is lighter, nearly whitish grey. Common in North-West India. 
Y. methorina Oberth. (vol. 1, p. 93, 34 e) and medusa Leech, from West China, belong near methora 
and sakra and are discussed in the Palearctic part. 
In the Philippine Archipelago, on Celebes and in Macromalayana we meet with a group of three or 
pandoc is. four species likewise distinguished by their size, which closely approximate to methora and conjuncta. Y. pandocus 
is the best-known representative, and inhabits the whole of the above region, but nowhere passes over to the 
continent with the exception of the Malay Peninsula, which, as has already been repeatedly mentioned, produces 
a thoroughly insular fauna on account of its maritime climate. In the clasping-organs the species is distinguished 
* by having by far the slenderest and most pointed valve of all the Ypthima examined by Elwes and Edwards.' 
corticaria. — corticaria Btlr., described from Malacca, and also occurring in an almost identical form on Sumatra and the 
Baku Islands, is above somewhat lighter than the figured sertorius Fruhst. (99e), which also differs beneath in 
the dark smoke-brown hatching and broader submarginal longitudinal band on the forewing, as well as in having 
moenus. the distal area of the hindwing more broadly shaded with brown. — moenus subsp. nov., from the Natuna Is¬ 
lands, bears on the forewing a much larger apical ocellus, which beneath is surrounded by a lighter area than 
