KARANASA; EUMENIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
307 
M. pulchella Fldr. (vol. I, p. 140, pi. 48 a) flies in the western Himalayas and Kashmir from June pulchella. 
to September and ascends to 15 000 ft. — neoza Lang (vol. I, pi. 48 a) is very common in certain parts of neoza. 
Kashmir, such as at Goolmurg, and is said to occur from June to August from altitudes of 10—12 000 ft. 
— pulchra Fldr. (vol. I, p. 140), a geographical form which was recorded at the Shandur Plateau in North pulchra. 
Kashmir and from Kunawur from June to September at 8—10 000 ft. The missionary Francke sent me 
the two last named, forms from Kulu, where they occur together. 
M. coenonympha Fldr. (vol. I, p. 140, pi. 47 a) is very rare and local, only known from Ladak. —- 
maiza Lang is an aberration which was met with once at Goolmurg in Kashmir in great numbers in July 
from 9 — -10 000 ft. — goolmurga Lang comes from Kashmir from 11—13 000 ft. and was found sparingly in 
July and August. 
21. Genus: ICnrauassi Moore. 
If it is considered justifiable to divide up the species which are included in catalogues under the 
genus Satyrus, the name ,,Karanasa“ must be introduced for those species which are grouped round the 
European ,,actaea“ and ,,cordula“ and were apparently left by earlier authors without generic names or united 
under those names which either apply to other groups of species or are synonymous therewith. That cer¬ 
tain groupings based on the structure of the forewing are possible has also been recognized by Schatz, and 
the antennae of the several species likewise admit of a grouping, but this can be arrived at with still greater 
certainty on the form of the discocellulars of the forewing or a consideration of the cystosis of the principal 
veins. In this case the separation is conceivable 
a) of Minois Hbn. with dryas Scop, as type, 
b) of Oreas Hbn. with circe as type, but Oreas being preoccupied (Desmarest 1804, Mammalia) this 
name may be replaced, by Brintesia nom. nov., 
c) of Eumenis Hbn. for fagi Scop., alcyone, etc. 
Hubner’s type of Eumenis is semele, which differs indeed from the forms of the fagi series in the 
shorter antenna, but its structure affords no support to its separation under the name Nytha, as has been 
done by Bingham in the ,,Fauna of British India”. 
In Karanasa only the costal of the fore wing is materially thickened, as is also the case in Oreas 
Hbn. = Brintesia, from which, however, it differs in the more strongly angled middle discocellular of the 
forewing and the shorter precostal of the hindwing. 
K. huebneri Fldr. (vol. I, p. 127) is broken up into several races mentioned in the Palearctic part, huebneri. 
thus cadesia Moore (vol. I, 43 d) is known from Kashmir, where it is very local, is but rarely found in large cadesia. 
numbers and ascends to 13—17 000 ft. — - leechi Moore is recorded from Baltistan and Ladak in the same leechi. 
high-alpine region. — - modesta Moore (vol. I, p. 127), from Lahul and Kashmir. Flies July to August. modesta. 
K. pimpla Fldr. (= monoculus Fruhst.) (vol. I, p. 131) is a geographical branch of our actaea; des- pimpla. 
cribed from Kashmir, but also occurring in Beluchistan and Afghanistan. Elies in July to September at 
altitudes of about 2500 m. 
K. digna Marsh, (vol. I, p. 130), very similar to the South European actaea, is extremely rare and digna. 
only known from the Shandur plateau and Gilgit in Kashmir. 
22. Genus: Ihiiiienis Hbn. 
The few South Himalayan species of this genus reveal the closest relationship with their trans-Hi- 
malayan sister-species and are consequently also fully dealt with in the Palearctic part (p. 127 ff.; pi. 43). 
The genus is distinguished by the cystose costal and. median veins, and hence is distinguishable at first glance 
from Karanasa and Oreas. Palpus strong, with small terminal joint; antenna with shovel-shaped club; lower 
discocellular straight. Eyes not hairy, in which Eumenis differs from the otherwise nearly allied Satyrus (Pa- 
rarge). 
E. thelephassa Hbn. (vol. I, p.127, pi. 43 e) is one of the commonest and most conspicuous butterflies thelephassa. 
of anterior Asia and in Beluchistan and Afghanistan passes over into the Indian Region, occurring on rocky 
slopes from the middle of May from 6500—8000 ft. During the hottest part of the day the butterfly hides 
in the shade of rocks and stones, coming out again and flying about in the evening, when it is easy to catch 
E. mniszechi Fldr. extends into the region of Kashmir and Kunawur in two interesting and apparently mniszechi. 
rare races, the names of which have been incorrectly transferred by dealers to Central Asiatic butterflies. — 
lehana Moore is discussed in vol. I, but the figure vol. I, pi. 43 f. does not agree with the examples received lehana. 
by me through the missionary Francke direct from Leh nor with Moore’s figures of his undoubtedly true 
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