OENEIS; LETHE. By H. Frtjhstoreer. 
311 
S. schakra Kelt. (vol. I, pi. 45 e), the North Indian representative of our maera and like this one schakra. 
of the commonest butterflies from the western Himalayas to Sikkim. Flies from May to October. Prefers 
stony edges of streets. The larva is apple-green with pale yellow lateral lines. I have before me large series 
from Kashmir and the North-West Provinces which in colouring nearly correspond to those examples which 
form the transition from the northern maera to the South European adrasta. 
S. maerula Fldr. (= laurion Nicev.) (vol. I, pi. 45 f.) approaches the preceding in size and colouring, maerula. 
but lacks the grey sexual spots of the forewing, and lias the reddish ochre-coloured foreground of all the 
ocelli somewhat more extended. From the North-West Himalayas about Kunawur and Pangi, Mussourie. 
Occurring together with schakra, but rare. 
S. menava Moore (= maeroides Fldr.) (vol. I, p. 135, pi. 45 f.) is a well differentiated species, the <$ menava. 
somewhat recalling our hiera F . in ground-colour, the $ recognizable by a broad, yellow-brown, obliquely placed 
patch in the apical part of the forewing, which is not composed of separate patches divided by black veins, but 
of one compact area. Upperside of the hindwing only with 2 instead of 3 or 4 ocelli. Underside darker, the 
distal longitudinal band straight, not angled as in schakra and maerula, and without whitish dusting in the 
distal-marginal area of the hindwing, maeroides Fldr. (vol. I, p. 135) is an aberration with a small cube- maeroides. 
shaped spot below the apical eye-spot of the forewing, menava is local, flies from June to August. I have 
before me from Kashmir a fine series from an elevation of 14 000 ft. Also observed at Kunawar and at the 
Werang Pass at the same elevation. 
S. kashmirensis Moore (vol. I, p. 134, pi. 45 c) is a very rare local form of the Turkestan eversmanni, kashmi- 
than which it is much darker, particularly on the upperside of the hindwing. So far as is known it has only remvs - 
been found twice, at the Goolmurg Plateau at 2000 m. and at Pangi. 
S. masoni Elw. was formerly united with Lethe, but Moore quite correctly placed it near Satyrus, masoni. 
although, the genus Chonala which he erected for it is not tenable. But masoni has nothing in common 
with Lethe, for not only the completely rounded hindwing separates it from the Lethe group, but also the 
thickened costal and median of the forewing, masoni agrees with Satyrus in all these differences, and like¬ 
wise in its resemblance to S. episcopalis Oberth. (vol. I, pi. 45 b). Ground-colour black with the longitudinal 
band on the forewing somewhat broader and sharply defined proximally, and a moderately broad white distal 
border to the hind wing. Forewing further with two white subapical dots, of which the lower is somewhat 
larger than that of episcopalis. Under surface much as in praeusta Leech (vol. I, pi. 45 b), at least that of 
the hindwing, which is only somewhat lighter grey. Forewing with a reproduction of the broad oblique band of 
still more enlarged apical dots and with a large apical ocellus. —- Hitherto only known from the interior 
of Sikkim. Elwes, whose collectors once brought him the species, suspects that it might be from the Chumbi 
Valley or from the border of Bhotan. I myself have only received 2 examples in the course of 20 years. 
28. Genus: Oeneis Hbn. 
That an almost Arctic genus like Oeneis should still be found on Indian territory is to be attributed 
to the enormous altitudes, which alone the butterflies inhabit, two species traversing the region from Native 
Sikkim to the border of Tibet. Oeneis is easy to distinguish from Lumenis by the long and narrow cell 
of the forewing and by having the costal vein only moderately thickened, but not swollen. Palpi and forelegs 
with extraordinarily long hairs. 
0. pumilus is divided into two local races, of which the name-type pumilus Fldr. (vol. I, pi. 42 b) pumilus. 
is found extremely rarely in the Kumaon Himalayas and in Kashmir. — bicolor Seitz (vol. I, pi. 42 b) is the 
local form discovered during the last English expedition to Tibet at Kambajong on the border of Sikkim, 
and has been sent to me from an elevation of 5000 ft. by Moller of Darjeeling. 
O. palaearcticus Stgr., from Central Asia, sends out an offshoot of smaller size to the borders of Tibet 
and into Native Sikkim, where occurs sikkimensis Stgr. (93 g), a form with somewhat darker under surface sikkimensis. 
than palaearcticus ; at Kambajong it flies together with pumilus bicolor Seitz. The upper surface as in bicolor 
(vol. I, pi. 42 b), only the $ shows paler yellow bands. 
29. Genus: I^ethe Hbn. 
Being structurally one of the most difficult genera to deal with, Lethe has met with the fate 
of being split up unnecessarily into numerous fragments (Moore) and has recently served as a x-eceptable for 
the most heterogeneous groups of species (Bingham). A division in some degree natural must consequently 
lead to reducing an accumulation of some 15 generic names, but on the other hand also to breaking up a 
too comprehensive collection of species. Bingham has already employed a very happy grouping, founding 
his two subdivisions on the presence or absence of modified scales in the <$<$. This, however, unfortunately 
