314 
LETHE. By H. Frtthstorfer 
moelleri. 
ntkinsonia. 
baladeva. 
ciisa. 
ramadeva. 
cindersoni. 
goalpara. 
narkunda. 
gamnviei. 
dura. 
mansonia. 
moupinen- 
sis. 
neoclides. 
China, of a dark olive shade above and bearing on the under surface a double instead of single transcellular 
stripe, but no fine silver line on the lower median such as adorns elwesi. 
L. moelleri Elw. (97 d), somewhat larger and above with somewhat broader yellowish bands and larger 
ocelli than elwesi, occurs at the same localities and has not yet been met with outside Sikkim. 
L. atkinsonia Hew. (97 d), the most highly coloured species of the group, bears above large dark ochre- 
coloured bands and spots. It is rather rare and was discovered at the Senchal Hill, the locality of Teinopalpus 
imperialis, and afterwards also by Elwes on the road to the hospice of Tonglo, where it occurs in July and 
August from 8—9000 ft., and when startled up, takes refuge in the dense thickets. 
Group Zophoessa Dbl. (= Putlia Moore). 
With this group of species we reach Lethe proper, the fundamental character of which is that the lower discocellular 
touches the furcation of the two medians. It was formerly thought that Zophoessa should be treated as a separate genus, on 
account of the somewhat longer terminal joint of the palpus, which, however, varies greatly, and the more strongly swollen 
costal of the forewing. But the latter character certainly rests on an error, for in no Lethe are the two principal veins less 
inflated than in sura, the type of Zophoessa. Hence Bingham was right in merging it, and if it is here treated as a subgroup 
it is on account of the longer cell of the forewing, which is probably at the same time narrower- than that of any true Lethe. 
All the species bear long tails, which only in a few Palearctic forms are somewhat less developed. Sexual spots are mostly present. 
L. baladeva Moore (97 d). Upper surface coffee-brown with the longitudinal bands of the under surface 
showing through. Hindwing with black eye-spots of unequal size, of which the last sometimes shows a white 
pupil. The type came from Sikkim, where the species is rather rare on the Tonglo road in June from 7—9000 ft. 
The $ is especially scarce, somewhat larger and paler brown. — aisa subsp. nov. is the local race discovered by 
Doherty in the Kumaon Himalayas, which is not only darker than Sikkim specimens, but beneath also bears 
much narrower silver bands. Flies in June at the same elevations as baladeva. 
L. ramadeva Nicev. (97 d) above resembles baladeva, but is traversed by broader yellow bands, which 
show through from the underside. The ocelli of the hindwing materially larger and a broad red-brown area 
before the anal angle. Extraordinarily rare, only recorded as yet from Sikkim and Bhotan, where it flies from 
July to August. 
L. andersoni Atk. is an interesting and hitherto very rare butterfly, of which only four examples 
are known, two of which are in the British Museum collection and two in the Museum in Calcutta. Upper sur¬ 
face brown with, yellowish longitudinal bands on the forewing and small round ocelli on the hindwing. Hindwing 
rather narrow, under surface so similar to that of L. argentata Leech (vol. 1, p. 87, 32 a) from West China that 
they are probably both branches of one collective species. Bhamo in Upper Burma and South Yunnan. 
L. goalpara Moore (99 a), essentially larger than either of the preceding Zophoessa, is above scarcely 
distinguishable from sura Dbl. ; black-brown like that species, with a brown longitudinal band and five large 
black eye-spots on the upperside of the hindwing. On account of the peculiar, washed-out yellow-grey under 
surface, however, it cannot be confused with any other species. It was formerly regarded as rare, but Nice- 
ville reports that the natives sometimes bi’ing in thousands of specimens. Flies from the end of July to No¬ 
vember at 2—3000 m. Distributed to North Assam. — narkunda subsp. nov. is a geographical form from the 
western Himalayas with the under surface suffused with darker brown; known from the Narkunda Wood near 
Simla. Between Simla and Sikkim goalpara has not yet been observed. 
L. dura is the most widely distributed Zophoessa ; formerly known from Bhotan to Tenasserim, it 
was found by me in Tonkin, Satjter lias discovered it in Formosa, and daatensis Semp., from the Philippines, 
must probably also be referred here. —gammiei Moore is the western branch race, described from Bhotan, paler 
than typical dura from Tenasserim, the distal margin essentially lighter. Under surface lighter with blue-pupil- 
led ocelli. Bhotan, September, rare. — dura Marsh., above velvety brown, with very narrow grey-brown distal 
margin to the wings. Hindwing with small ocelli. Differing from sura in the sexual stripes of the forewing not 
standing out distinctly and. in having the eye-spots of the hindwing mere dots instead of one to two mm. in breadth. 
Karen Hills, Burma and Tenasserim. — mansonia subsp. nov. (99 a) is a darker local race, almost without light 
distal border on the upper surface of the wings and mostly with the submarginal dots of the hindwing entirely 
absent. The under surface bears more sharply defined bands and the ocelli are bordered with brighter yellow. 
Tonkin, Manson Mountains at about 4000 ft. in April. A woodland butterfly, settling on lower vegetation. 
- moupinensis Pouj. (vol. 1, p. 86, pi. 32 a), known from West and. Central China, judging from Leech’s figure 
shows much smaller eye-spots, only slightly bordered with reddish, on the underside of the hindwing. — Finally, 
neoclides Fruhst. is a prominent island race, recognizable at once by a very broad whitish grey subanal area 
on the upperside of the hindwing, in which are placed five small, isolated, blind eye-spots which are nearly 
obsolete but still just perceptible. Hindwing further with a fine reddish grey anteterminal line. Under surface 
