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LETHE. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
Assam in my collection agree best with its author’s figure. Our figure shows the rainy-season form from Sikkim 
from the under surface. Not rare at 7—9000 ft. in the primeval forests of Sikkim and Assam. Doherty took 
brisanda. it. also in the Naga Hills, from June to September. — brisanda Nicev., described from Bbotan, is an extreme 
rainy-season form, easily recognized by the somewhat larger ocelli, a broader violet-white longitudinal band 
on the forewing and a metallic distal area on both wings. Hitherto only recorded from Bhotan, whence of 
bauds, late years it has been commonly brought to Europe. — bauds Leech (vol. 1, p. 84, pi. 30 c) must be regarded 
as the West Chinese local race. Band of the forewing narrow, rather sharply defined. $ with somewhat rounder 
procris. wings than its Indian allies. — prccris Leech is a small aberration of bauds, and according to two examples 
taken by me in April at about 4000 ft. in the Mauson Mountains in Tonkin, which agree with Leech’s figure, 
formosana. should probably be regarded as a product of the dry season. — formosana Fruhst. is a very small island race, 
about agreeing in size with the dry-season form from Sikkim; under surface, however, without the red-brown 
areas of dinarbas and with very small ocelli. From Mt. Morrison from 5000 ft., September, Formosa, rare. 
margaritae. L. margaritae Elw. (97 b) is probably the largest Lethe, hitherto only known from Bhotan, from whence 
it is brought by the native collectors. Upper surface somewhat darker brown than beneath with complete 
reproduction of the yellowish grey bands and ocelli. The very rare $ is especially beautiful, showing a white 
oblique band on the forewing, a white median band on the underside of the hindwing and very large ocelli with 
yellow-brown bordering. 
naga. L. naga Doh., discovered by its author, who, however, only succeeded in finding one $ at the upper 
boundary of Assam. It approaches the $ of philemon (97 b), but bears on the forewing a white subapical band 
of uniform breadth running to the anal angle and on the underside of the hindwing a curved, whitish violet 
philemon. band reaching to the middle of the wing, which is absent in philemon. — philemon Fruhst. (97 b), from Than-Moi, 
in northern Tonkin (June—July), bears in the a distant resemblance to lanaris Btlr. (vol. 1, pi. 30 b), but 
the wings are more rounded and the ocelli on the underside of the hindwing, especially the apical one, are consider¬ 
ably larger. The number of ocelli on the underside of the forewing varies from 2 to 4 and the whitish violet 
bordering to the eye-spots of the hindwing is sometimes somewhat less intensive than on the figure. Very pro¬ 
bably philemon occurs also in Yunnan, which may well be the true home of the butterfly, as I suspect it has 
spread from China to Assam and Tonkin. 
b) With sexual spot on the fore- or hindwing or on both alike. 
L. minerva is distinguished by the large black androconial patch of the forewing and the wide sexual 
dimorphism. Previously only known from Macromalayana, the species was also discovered by me in Lombok, 
minerva. the most easterly outpost of Micromalayana. — minerva F. (= arcadia Cr., caumas Godt.) (98 a). All the names 
refer to the race from Java, where the butterfly is not rare either in the east or west, and comes both to fallen 
fruit and the same used as an artificial bait, appears nowhere to ascend above 2000 ft. Seasonal influences act 
upon it in so far as that examples of the dry season are smaller and a little paler than those of the rainy period. 
In general minerva is extremely constant, and the specimens collected by me in Lombok are only very slightly 
richer red in the and with somewhat narrower bands in the $. In Borneo minerva. does not occur, and even 
tritogeneia. in Sumatra it is of rare occurrence. Doherty found it on Bali. — tritogeneia subsp. nov. is distinguished by 
the more extended and lighter red subanal region on the upper surface of the and the larger black patches 
of the and differs beneath in the darker ground-colour. Tenasserim, from January to November. Every¬ 
where in Burma, but only sparingly. According to Distant’s figure examples from Perak belong rather to 
minerva than tritogeneia', there too the species is rare. 
dynsatc. L. dynsate Hew. only occurs in Ceylon and is unknown to me in nature. $, according to the figures 
before me, brown above, with large, elongate sexual spot, formed as in the Euploids, between the lower median 
and submedian, two yellowish apical dots and on the hindwing five medium-sized black ocelli. $ with broad 
white oblique band on the forewing, a narrow median band, curved first distad and afterwards towards the 
base, and Avliite bordering to the ocelli of the hindwing. Ground-colour light brown, hindwing distally yellowish, 
kinder surface similar to vindhya, but with smaller eye-spots. Flies in March. April and July, neighbourhood 
of Nuwara Elya at about 5—6000 ft. 
kansa. L. kansa Moore, originally described from Sikkim, comes with every consignment to Europe and is 
apparently equally at home in the hot valleys and at altitudes of 3000 m. kansa is one of the most simply marked 
species, above quite as uniform dark brown as beneath. Forewing without markings, hindwing with black 
ocelli of unequal size, which in Sikkim examples are distinctly margined with light yellow. In the Sikkim 
zeugitana. $ some indistinct yellowish patches are visible on the forewing. — zeugitana subsp. nov. (98 a as kansa), from 
Assam, is larger than the Sikkim kansa, altogether darker and the larger eye-spots of the hindwing are almost 
without yellowish bordering. Under surface brighter, red-brown bands more prominent, ocelli larger and more 
broadly margined with whitish violet. Assam, Manipur. Our figure agrees with zeugitana, whilst those of Statj- 
vaga. dinger and Moore distinctly represent the less highly coloured Sikkim form. — vaga subsp. nov., collected bj r 
