320 
LETHE. By H. Fruhstorfer 
but dark brown median areas on both wings. Above the $ of crijnana resembles that of sumaii (98 d), except 
that the bands of the forewing, which are broken up into three isolated patches, are not quite so narrow as in 
gopaka. the Sumatran race, crijnana is probably distributed to Tenasserim. — gopaka subsp. nov. The submarginal 
region of the hindwing, above darker red-brown and smaller, is beneath easy to distinguish by the reduction of 
the red-brown median areas, in place of which the median whitish bordering of the red subbasal longitudinal 
debata. band is considerably extended. Perak. Also reported from Salanga. — debata subsp. nov. (98 d), strange to 
say, is the albinotic extreme of the collective species: $ above with the subanal area of the hindwing somewhat 
less broad than in sumati $$ (98 c) and the $$ much paler, more yellow-red. than sumati (98 d), but the 
under surface very washed-out, sandy grey-brown, of decided dry-form character and confusingly like the 
intermediate Indian mekara. $ beneath, predominantly light yellow with dull brown longitudinal stripes and less 
pronounced whitish bands than gopaka $$ from Perak. According to Martin debata. is common everywhere 
in the alluvial plains where there are bamboo hedges, thus chiefly near villages and. houses, but flies also on the 
spurs of the mountains. Examples from the last-named, have the yellow-red. colour on the upperside of the 
sumaIi .§hind wing more extended.. — sumati subsp. nov. (98 c, d) is the furthest removed from the mekara type; $$ 
recognizable at once by the extended, light red. submarginal area of the hindwing above, in which very commonly 
all the ocelli except the subanal disappear, and in the $ even the anal ocellus is also occasionally nearly obsolete. 
Under surface of the two sexes differing less from one another than in gopaka, also with less of the pure white, 
but marked with more intensive violet-grey. North Borneo, apparently not rare. - 
L. manthara doubtless represents mekara on Java and. Bali, but is nevertheless entitled to specific 
rank, as is already shown by the vertical pointing of the grey-white band, of the forewing, which, is not obliquely 
placed in the anterior part as in mekara. The on the other hand, do not differ essentially either above or 
beneath from those of debata. and sumati, although the disappearance of the red-brown bordering of the ocelli 
manthara. has not advanced so far in the Macromalayan races. — manthara Fldr. (98 e) inhabits West Java at elevations 
of 2—5000 ft. and. can be attracted with hung fruit. $ above nearly approaching that of mangala (98 e), but 
with more pronounced, white-grey longitudinal band, on the forewing and more extended light yellow-brown 
submarginal area. Beneath predominantly yellow-brown with light brown areas of fairly equal breadth, distally 
mangala somewhat darkened. Ocelli as in the almost uniformly filled up with violet, mangala form. nov. (98 e) is 
a dry-season form observed and. collected only by myself in East Java, the $$ of which have the under surface 
of a beautiful pale yellow tone, and. entirely without brown bands. $ likewise without brown longitudinal 
areas, but as in debata and sumati with slight violet gloss in the median part. Elevations of 500—1000 m. 
L, chandica, somewhat rarer than mekara, always occurs in India with the latter, at the same time 
and at the same altitudes. Somewhat more widely distributed than mekara, as it also extends into western 
China and. to Formosa, and. has spread from Luzon to Palawan. Like mekara it is very susceptible to local and 
chandica. climatic influences and the result is a series of sharply differentiated local and island races. — chandica Moore, 
described from Darjeeling, is not very common in Sikkim, where it occurs from March (dry season) to October 
(end of the wet season) in the lower valleys. It is also reported from Assam and Manipur. Examples from Assam, 
however, stand in the same relation to the Sikkim type as mekara. zuchara from the Khasia Hills to mekara 
Moore, i. e. they show a decided advance in the direction of melanism and. a large series of $<$ in my collection 
differs from a similar series from Sikkim (as well as Moore’s description and figure) in the more deeply coloured 
under surface adorned with darker brown. The $ is black-brown instead of red-brown at the base on the upperside of 
flanona. the wings (= flanona subsp. nov.). - Further to the east, in Tonkin, the shape of the wings already differs and. exam- 
suvama. pies from there (suvarna subsp. nov.) present a transition to coelestis Leech (sr ol. l,p. 84, pi. 31 a), which has hith¬ 
erto stood quite isolated. The rainy-season form does not differ essentially from flanona from Assam, on the other 
rahula. hand the under surface of the $$ in the dry-season form (= rahula form. nov. ) has the colouring and the shape of the 
ocelli quite as in coelestis (v ol. 1, pi. 31 a) and ratnac.ri (98 b). Moreover the $ closely approaches that of coelestis, from 
which it only differs in its smaller size, smaller eye-spots on the hindwing above, but larger ones on the hindwing 
coelestis. beneath. Tonkin, Chiem Hoa, August—September, at about 800 m. — coelestis Leech, from Central and West 
China, observed by Leech also at Fuchow in southern China, shows, as is the rule in forms from the Celestial 
ratnacri. Empire, a larger reproduction of the Indian chandica. — ratnacri Fruhst. (98 b) is a melanotic island race. Both 
sexes characterized by more rounded wings, shorter tails, above only with a very narrow red-brown distal 
line, $ dark red-brown with smaller ocelli on the hindwing above. Distal area on the underside of the hindwing 
extended, suffused with light chocolate-colour, and with a violet tinge round the ocelli, which is wanting in 
coelestis. Formosa, not very rare, especially in March and April near Kagi on the spurs of the mountains and 
negrito. at the Lehiku Lake in the interior. Discovered by Herr Hans Sauter. — Under the name negrito Fldr. a whole 
series of heterogeneous island races are grouped together, but the name can'only stand for the Luzon form, 
which occurs from May to August and then again from October to February. All the Philippine races approximate to 
