NEORINA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
327 
7iov., from Perak, closely approaches latipicta, which was originally described from North-East Sumatra (Deli), 
but differs in the absence of the white intramedian punctiform spot on the hindwing above the anal ocellus, 
in place of which, however, there is sometimes an accessory ocellus as in pupillata. The under surface of 
both wings is darker, less dusted with grey than in the Sumatra form, the apical eye-spot of the forewing 
much smaller. The yellowish subanal spot of the forewing, also, is less developed than in latipicta. Perak. 
— lowi Dbl., is the name-type of the collective species and is fairly constant, somewhat smaller than the lowi. 
races already dealt with, and apparently not rare in North and in South-East Borneo (in Pontianak). The 
apical eye-spot on the forewing above begins to decrease in size, sometimes completely disappearing. The 
anal ocellus on the hindwing beneath, on the other hand, is again very distinct, as in pupillata from Nias, 
more than twice as large as in neophyta. $, like that of latipicta, somewhat larger than the <$, beneath more 
copiously powdered with grey. — princesa Stgr., from Palawan, is a very different form, much reduced in princesa. 
size, with the yellowish patches on the upper surface broken up, and on the hindwing more deeply pe¬ 
netrated by the black costal tooth than in lowi. Under surface: in the $ the costal spot of the hindwing 
is completely broken up, but the $ is characterized by the band-like prolongation of the anal spot of the 
forewing, which reaches to the costal, on its upper parts, however, densely powdered with brown and beyond 
the cell somewhat interrupted. — cossyra subsp. nov. differs from princesa, which it otherwise nearly approach- cossyra. 
es, in the greater expanse of both wings, the larger ocelli and particularly in having the anal patches 
of the fore wing and the costal spot of the hindwing above dusted with goldy brown. Paragua. 
N. crishna, formerly only known from Java, divides into three local forms, two on the native island 
of the type and one continental, which was only recently discovered and affords the most conclusive proof 
as to the former land-connection between Java and Burma of any butterfly as yet known. — archaica s7ibsp. archaica. 
nov., from the Ataran Valley in Lower Tenasserim and the Ye Valley in Lower Tenasserim, discovered 
by Hauxwell in 1899, so closely approximates to crishna Westw., from Java, that Niceville declared them crishna. 
absolutely identical, which I at first also thought. But I find they show a number of small differences, which 
prove the continental origin of the species, such as their size, for the archaica 3S surpass the largest C7'islma 
$$ from Java; the yellow costal spot on the upperside of the hindwing is more extended and the submar¬ 
ginal band of the hindwing somewhat widened and proximally dusted with darker brown. But the most 
remarkable thing is that archaica more nearly approaches crishna from East Java (94 d) than the West 
Javan form of the collective species. Thus the latter bears not only essentially narrower and darker yellow 
bands, but also a larger black spot at the apex of the cell of the forewing than the East Javan crishna. 
The under surface is considerably darker, the goldy brown tinge on the subapical part of the forewing is 
absent, the basal shade of the hindwing more grey-violet, instead of mixed with yellowish, and the subanal 
band is bordered with violet instead of whitish. In short, the West Java race presents quite the aspect 
of a rainy-season, the one from East Java that of a dry-season form, which indeed is also in accordance 
with the climate. The occurrence of two such nearly allied branches of one species in Tenasserim and Java, 
however, indicates that a land-connection must have existed between the two, and that at a time when the 
Perak of to-day was not yet inundated with forms belonging to the Sumatra and Borneo fauna, since at 
the present time the crishiia from Java and that from Tenasserim are separated by neophyta (described 
on p. 326) which belongs to quite another species and occurs everywhere in Macromalayana, whilst Burma 
and Java have crishna in common, crishna is a forest butterfly, which according to my observations only 
leaves its retirement in the sunny morning hours and flies about in the open for a few minutes either singly 
or in company with 3 or 4 others, or rests on leaves with the wings spread out, presenting a gorgeous spec¬ 
tacle, and after a short rest lazily disappears into the thicket again. In East Java it is not very rare on 
the southern mountain slopes in February and March, but it scarcely ascends above 500 m. Its similarity 
when flying to Pap. helenus already struck Doherty, and he thought that this mimicry might perhaps 
afford a certain protection to the Satyrid. 
N. patria Leech (vol. 1, pi. 32 d), from Omeishan in West China, where it flies in June and July, 
has an allied race in Assam, westwoodi Moore (94 cl), which must be regarded as the largest Asiatic Satyrid westwoodi. 
and perhaps as the largest Satyrid known at all. The $ is even larger than the figured $ and has the band 
of the forewing paler and posteriorly more narrowed. Under surface more brilliantly coloured than the upper, 
the whole apical part goldy brown. At the apex of the cell a sharply angled, hook-shaped spot, hind¬ 
wing with two round eye-spots, of which the upper is broadly margined with beautiful yellow. Flies in Sep- 
tember-October, up to elevations of about 3300 ft. According to Bingham westwoodi has also been found 
in Burma. 
Here is to be inserted the genus Neorinopsis Btlr. 
This fossil genus was discovered in tertiary deposits from Aix in Provence, where the butterflies lived at that period 
in the midst of a purely tropical flora, which offered them about the same conditions of existence as their modern relatives still 
find to-day on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. The pattern of the wings in the only species somewhat resembles that of 
Neorina latipicta Fruhst., whilst the arrangement of the ocelli is more similar to that of Zophoiissa dura and sura. But the most 
important fact about this fossil is that it enables us to prove that the neuration of the Satyrids has not altered materially 
since the tertiary period. Two radials and three median veins are distinctly recognizable on both wings, and even the submedian 
