MYCALESIS. By H. Eruhstorfer. 
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but still more commonly in low grassy thickets and old pepper-gardens. $ somewhat duller brown than the 
mnasicles occurs also on Borneo in the same form as on Sumatra, and is represented from there in my collection 
from Pontianak and the south-east. — On the Continent occurs perna Fruhst. (91 e) which I was able to separate perna. 
because all previous authors had failed to notice that Hewitson’s type from Sumatra shows a reddish yellow 
ground-colour on the upperside of the wings, whilst continental examples (as Bingham quite correctly remarks) 
are dark vandyke-brown. In addition the ocelli of the forewing in perna are at least as large again as in mna¬ 
sicles, the red-brown submarginal and median bands on the underside of the wings more strongly undulate 
and all the ocelli more pronounced. The scent-tufts on the upperside of the hindwing in perna consist of brown 
hairs, instead of yellowish as in mnasicles. According to Moore common in November on the Salwin River 
in Upper Burma, and Bingham says it flies in Tenasserim and Bhamo, where it is very rare and has only been 
observed in April at elevations of 1000 to 3000 ft. The figured type came from Tonkin, where I found the form 
in August—September at about 300 m. above sea-level as a great rarity. Examples from Perak show a smaller 
black ocellus on the upperside of the forewing and somewhat red-brown tinge between the longitudinal bands 
on the under surface of the wings. The valve of the species attains a phenominal length, being nearly three 
times as long as the tip of the uncus, and is curved upwards as a hook, dorsally finely denticulate and covered 
with long, scattered bristles. 
M. amoena Dr uce (91 e) is a rare species only occurring on Borneo, which approaches tagala and amoena. 
bisaya, but may be at once distinguished above by the light chestnut-brown colouring, and is also characterized 
by the more quadrate wings. $ beneath brown-black without the violet longitudinal band of tagala and with 
smaller ocelli, otherwise similar to this. $ above lighter red-brown, beneath somewhat approaching mnasicles 
in colouring and also resembling it in wing-contour. In my collection only from North Borneo. 
b. Hindwing with two hair-pencils (Martanda Moore). 
M. janardana with its offshoots is one of the most easily recognized Culapa ; it is quite isolated among 
its Indian relatives, as the hindwing bears costally two separated basal yellow scent-tufts, whilst the other 
species show only one. The species is widely distributed, from the Philippines and North Moluccas to Celebes 
and in the whole of Macromalayana. The several branches were formerly regarded as separate species. — me- megamede. 
gatnede Hew. (91 f), originally described from Ternate and from there and Batjan in my collection, also known 
from Halmaheira, bears the largest ocelli and the darkest brown under surface of the eight races at present 
known. The anal eye-spots of the forewing and all the ocelli of the hindwing ringed with a beautiful yellow. 
Upper surface unicolorous black with a fine red-yellow antemarginal line. — micromede Fruhst. Smaller than micromede. 
the preceding, chiefly characterized by the yellowish under surface of the hindwing, which is ornamented with 
rows of delicate, punctiform eye-spots. Longitudinal band of both wings broadly white, proximally bordered 
with red-brown. From Bazilan, February—March, and the same form also from Mindanao in my collection. 
— In the eastern Philippines on Panaon end Bohol, on the other hand, a race less developed with melanotic 
under surface, more inclining towards megamede-. circella subsp. nov., easy to separate from micrornede by the drcella. 
larger anal eye-spot on the underside of the forewing and the deeper brown colouring of the hindwing. — 
Celebes is inhabited by a distinct local race of janardana Moore , which, although it has been referred to by 
some 10 authors, has never been properly recognized. The Celebes form differs so considerably from the Javan 
janardana Moore and from megamede Hew. from the Moluccas, that it ought to have received a name long 
ago; I have introduced opaculus Fruhst. for it. opaculus is beneath more copiously irrorated with lighter grey opaculus. 
than in the more westerly races. The ocelli of the hindwing are somewhat smaller than in megamede, larger than 
in sapitana and janardana and margined with lighter grey than in the two latter. The median band of both 
wings is broader, and the ocelli (inside the grey rings) are bordered with lighter yellow-red. opaculus differs 
from megamede Hew. in having the under surface of the wings of a grey instead of a red-brown tone and in 
the absence of the yellowish antemarginal lines on the upperside of the hindwing. North and South Celebes, 
Salayer. — A race allied to opaculus occurs on Sangir, but I have no examples from that locality. — besina besina. 
Fruhst. forms the transition from megamede from the Moluccas to opaculus from Celebes. Upper surface: ground¬ 
colour dark black-brown with more obsolete antemarginal lines on both wings. Under surface: ground-colour 
yellowish grey, neither red-brown as in megamede nor grey as in opaculus. Distal border of the black median 
band narrower, ocelli of the forewing smaller, each three united by a grey bordering. Sula Besi. — sapitana sapitana. 
Fruhst. The Lombok form is beneath deeper and darker in colour than opaculus Fruhst. and janardana Moore. 
Under surface: median band and ocelli more pronounced, ocelli darker red-brown and distally ringed with 
lighter, more intensive grey. The grey rings are commonly pointed and the points run into the grey antemargi- 
nal line, as in many Sumatran examples. Lombok, Sapit, about 2000 m., May and June. — janardana Moore, janardana. 
The name-type of this species only occurs on Java and Bali, but may probably also be looked for from Bawean, 
as it is already recorded from Kangean. janardana seems especially at home in the east of Java, where it ascends 
in the coffee-gardens from the plains to about 4000 m. The colouring of the under surface is a washed-out grey, 
which in East Javan examples of the dry season changes into a pale brown. In the $ of the dry-season form 
the ocelli of the under surface show through also above as black dots. — sagittigera Fruhst., a somewhat larger sagittigera. 
