342 
MYCALESIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
form than janardana from Java. The ocelli and the median band of the under surface larger and broader. The 
antemarginal lines more prominent. The bordering of the ocelli even more markedly sagittate and confluent 
with the antemarginal lines. The white-green eggs are laid singly and cannot be distinguished from those of 
mineus and horsfieldi, but show shortly before the larvae hatch a brownish central ring (black in mineus and 
horsfieldi). The larvae are on the whole very similar to those of mineus, only darker yellow, but can be at once 
distinguished by their red-brown head from the black-headed mineus larva. They bear a blackish dorsal line, 
which on each segment is thickened at both sides, but narrowed towards the head and anus; from this slender, 
black-dotted lines run out forwards and downwards towards the dark yellow lateral line, which sends out similar 
finer lines forwards and upwards, so that a delicate lozenge-shaped pattern is formed; on each segment above 
the lateral line a fine black dot; the teeth at the head and anus are even shorter and more obtuse than in mineus. 
The habits of the larvae are entirely nocturnal; during the day they remain hidden deep down among the stalks, 
preferring dead, yellow leaves and sheaths; only feed at night. After each moult the larvae become darker co¬ 
loured and shorter and more compact in shape ( mineus considerably longer and more slender). When touched 
they drop at once and feign death for a long time; they are in general very lethargic creatures and bear 
a close resemblance to certain snails. The full-grown larva measures 35 mm. Before pupation it changes colour, 
becoming yellow, and hangs itself up near the earth, by preference on a dead, yellow-brown stalk. The brown- 
yellow pupa with black markings becomes completely black shortly before the emergence of the butterfly. The 
latter appears after 10 or 11 days. Whilst mineus, horsfieldi and anapita emerge in the morning between 9 
and 10 o’clock, examples of janardana do not appear until between 2 and 3 o’clock in the afternoon. The 
butterflies were much more quiet in the puparium than the other species just named and did not fly at all 
during the time that had to be left for the wings to harden before they were killed. Not until the twi¬ 
light fell would they begin to fly — quite in accordance with the habits of the dusk-loving Satyrids (Martin). 
baluna. North-East and West Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Banka. — baluna Fruhst., only two examples yet known, 
from Kina-Balu. My $ and $ differ at once from all their allies in their larger size. The upper surface of the 
$ is lighter grey-black. Under surface: median band narrower than in Sumatran specimens, ocelli considerably 
smaller, pupils very small, scarcely appreciably red-brown, very broadly bordered with light grey. North 
Borneo. 
III. Group. Porewing only above without sexual character, beneath with androconial cavity on or near the sub¬ 
median. The androconial cavity filled up. 
a. Without scent-spot in the disc of the hindwing above. ( Mydosama Moore 1880 partim = Dasyomma Fldr. 1860; 
Calysisme, Pachama, Indalasa, Nasapa, Samenta, Telinga, Kabanda, Sadarga Moore). 
This group is the most extensive and contains the most widely distributed and best known species. 
M. perseus inhabits almost the whole of South Asia and the Inclo-Australian Archipelago, occurs on 
the continent and some dry islands in two seasonal forms and varies but little in the separate localities. A 
whole series of forms, however, have received names, which are here adopted, as an attempt at synonymy would 
rather cause confusion than order. — We are indebted to Moore for establishing that perseus F . is the oldest 
name for the species which is referred to as blasius F. by almost all authors. Fabricihs designated as perseus 
the dry-season form (described from Australia), as blasius the rainy-season form of the same widely distributed 
samba, species. — samba Moore is an individual rainy-season aberration from North India with only two instead of four 
ocelli on the underside of the forewing. Moore, ManderS, etc., however, overlook the fact that the South 
Indian perseus race differs almost as considerably from the North Indian as does the South Indian mineus 
polydecta Cr. from mineus mineus L. from the northern provinces; and so, like polydecta, the South Indian branch 
typhlus. of perseus also deserves a name, for which typhlus Fruhst. has been introduced. Wings in both sexes more pointed 
than in perseus from North India; upper surface of the wings without or almost without ocelli. §: under¬ 
side of the hindwing as in polydecta with more prominent white bands and larger ocelli bordered with lighter 
yellow. The whitish bands surrounding all the ocelli much more distinct, more broadly diffuse, in the median 
part more concave and especially in the subanal region further removed from the white antemarginal line. Ma- 
pcrseus. labar, South India (coll. Fruhstorfer), Ceylon (auct.), Andamans ( ?). — perseusF. (92 a), known from Formosa, 
Hainan, Tonkin, Annam, the whole of India (with the exception of the south) and Burma, is characterized 
by an unusually elegant, mostly deep black androconial spot in the centre of the friction-patch at the 
submarginal of the forewing beneath, which is smaller than in any other Indian species. This central 
spot assumes considerably larger dimensions in mineus L., so that the two species—which were formerly 
often confused — are easy to distinguish. The °f the Indo-Chinese Mycalesis of the perseus group can all 
be separated without difficulty, especially when the shape of the androconia-cavity on the underside of the 
forewing is compared, whilst the §§ intergrade into one another; at the same time it is sometimes possible 
to separate the $$ of the rainy season. The attempt to distinguish the dry-season forms, on the other hand, 
will only be possible when material with careful data is available from well-defined and accurately known loca¬ 
lities. Yet the $$ of not less than five species ( mineus, perseus, perseoides, visala. and subdita ) and their 
