358 
ORSOTRIiENA. By H. Frith storfer. 
erna. 
inga. 
oroatis. 
vstulata. 
surJcha. 
medus. 
hesione. 
runeka. 
mandata. 
M. erna Fruhst. (92 f). J Length of f. w. 29 mm. Upper side ground colour of wings reddish yellow r 
in every shade, lightest in the median region of f. w. and darkest at basis of h. w. Base of f. w. similarly tinted 
with reddish brown, so too the inner boimdary of the broad intensely black apical region, which is somewhat 
scalloped and narrows gradually, shades off towards the anal angle. H. w. without markings save blackish 
costal and marginal border, two fine submarginal lines and eyespots of un. s. seen through by transparency. 
I took only one example of this very special form at Bua-Ivraeng, S. Celebes, at an altitude of 5000 ft. in 
February. 
M. inga Fruhst. (92 f) is up. s. a faithful portrait of Cleronie sulana. Base of both wings a dark red brown, 
blackish at apex of f. w. and at distal border of h. w. No further markings. Bigger than, and with broader 
brown bands on un. s. Sula-Besi, captured by W. Doherty. 
b) li. w. with basal hair pencil ( Loesa Moore). 
The only species of this group lives in Macromalayana and differs from the true Lohora in its shorter 
cell h. w., while the lower discocellular inosculates the furcation of the two median veins, the middle one is 
also straight. 
M. oroatis Hew. Type from Java where the species is very rare. The ? is still unknown. I have 
before me four dd from the West and one from the East of the island and these are identically the same. 
Doherty also found oroatis in Bali, oroatis is remarkable for a tuft of thin yellowish hair situated 
just above the centre of submarginal of h. w. This tuft gave rise to the forming of a genus Loesa, containing 
only one species; fully described forms must fall into the oroatis group. Java. Dry-season form has not 
been examined by me. — ustulata Dist. (93 a) lives at foot of fore-alps in company with orseis and fuscum\ 
the darkest of the yellow species in Sumatra. The d has a lustrous red-brown, the larger $ a dull light 
brown ground colour on both wings. Malay peninsula, N.-E. and W. Sumatra. In Tenasserim appears as a 
great rarity surkha Marsh. (= fervicla Btlr.) in two seasonal forms, it is based on the form Avithout eyespots 
which apparently does not arrive at full development in Sumatra and Java. Moreover the Tenasserim race 
is so close to ustulata that Elwes will only recognize it as a rainless season aberration. 
Genus: Orsotrinena Wallgr. 
Although both species of this genus are closely allied in general properties to Culapa and the structure 
of h. w. can scarcely be distinguished from that of the perseus group, yet must the genus be separated because 
only the stem of the costal f. av. is puffed out, and the eyes are naked. The secondary sexual organs are very 
primitive. F. w. with a fold above submedian which bears a black {medus) or yelloAV ( jopas ) star of hairs. 
H. av. up. s. with a tuft of long bristles in and beyond the cell between the lower and sub-median. The 
lower discocellular inosculates distally from the cell at furcation of the two median veins. Martins finds 
only insignificant differences between the larvae of culapa inter se, Avliile those of Orsotriaena have quite a diffe¬ 
rent biology and are easily distinguished from the larvae of culapa by their slimmer form and longer horns 
on their heads. 
C. medus spreads from India proper to the most remote South-Sea-Islands and appears on the 
mainland in three seasonal forms which have not been noted on the islands east of Java. On certain islands 
e. g. Borneo exist hoAvever butterflies with narrower and others with broader median bands un. s. — medus F. 
{— doris Cr.) named from species of the rainy form with un. s. like the depicted zipoetina (91 a) but the ex¬ 
tensive lead-lustre of h. aat is missing. — hesione Cr. is a passage having the eyespots of un.’s. of both 
wings already reduced but retaining the white median band. — runeka Moore is a dry season form Avith some 
eyespots failing but with still clearly marked median band and turbata Fruhst. an extreme dry season form 
Avith eyespots practically disappearing and with median bands wanting or only reprensented by a blackish 
gray shading. Throughout India except the South mounting up to 1000 m. above sea level. Larvae on rice 
and grass. — mandata Moore lives in the southern Indies and Ceylon, is rather smaller than the 
northern races, but has decidedly broader discal bands and on un. s. of both wings larger eyespots. ringed 
rather with broAvn than with red. The dry-season form is known as mandosa Btlr. In Sumatra species are 
frequently taken with enlarged eyespots, a fine glossy lead coloured periphery and with a Avashed 
silver shine between the eyespots (f. zipoetina Fruhst. [91 a]). According to Martin the whitishUgreen 
spherical eggs are laid singly on the un. s. of grasses and turn to a milky Avhite before the [appearance 
of the larva; the newly hatched larva is white and only turns green after the first food has been taken. 
