360 
PALAEONYMPHA; RAGADIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
dohertyi. 
opalina. 
latifasciata. 
crisilda. 
critolaus. 
crito. 
D. dohertyi Oberth. (= Hamaclryopsis drusillodes Obert., $). The <$ looks like a Hamadryas male, 
the $ a very small Taenaris (Drusilla olim) and the two sexes give us an example of extreme sexual dimorphism, 
similar to that of Elymnias agondas Bsd. This has misled Oberthur to form from one species two genera, 
however no systematic value can be accorded to the same as no diagnosis has been given, and a diagnosis, 
had Oberthur given one, would necessarily have indicated to the author that he had before him a heteromor- 
phic species and not two genera — a monument of human error! $ f. w. black with two large and two smaller 
square spots. H. w. white with broad black distal border and yellow hair pencil on costal. Each wing 
has one eyespot. In the $ white predominates, but there is a narrow black-gray distal border. Apical eyespot 
of f. w. as in anal eyespot of h. w. is very big with a yellowish border below, h. w. un. s. with an apical 
eyespot that is also present though smaller in <$. 
Genus : Palseonympha Btlr. 
The author of this interesting genus places it in the vicinity of the neotropical genus Euptychia, with 
which in truth Palaeonympha has the swollen out costal and median and the long cell of h. w. in common. How¬ 
ever the physical properties of the only known species are so close to those of the Mycalesides that I have 
no hesitation in placing them here, the more so as two costal bifurcating before the end of cell f. w., the bow¬ 
shaped central discbcellular, and the hairy eyes remind us of this group, yet through its long cell on both wings 
this genus is distant from the Culapa and takes up an isolated position. 
P. opalina Btlr. (Vol. I p. 148, fig. 48 i) spread from Ningpo to the frontier of Thibet. Lately also 
captured in Formosa where a dark island race appears, macrophthalmia subsp. nov. only differing from the type 
in the darker colours, to wit, black instead of red brown bands un. s. and larger more dilated black-centred 
eyespots on both wings. 
Genus: Bagittlia Westw. 
This genus is closely allied to Mycalesis by the secondary sexual signs of the E, which bear a (glandular ?) 
cavity on un. s. of h. w. above the lower discocellular vein, but which, like certain Danaids has the opening 
on the up. s. of h. w.; this opening is round and stretches outwards like a fissure. Moreover the very characte¬ 
ristic design of un. s. of both wings has been, as observed, alluded to already in Culapa dohertyi. The semi trans¬ 
parent wing, the delicate build and weak flight of the butterfly seem to suggest a relationship with the follow¬ 
ing genus Erites. The veins of h. w. are so divergent from other Satyrids, that Herrich Schaeffer placed 
Ragadia in a special family. On the other hand a relationship with Mycalesides (the group Virapa) is esta¬ 
blished through the discocellular of h. w. of E being displaced by the sexual cavity, a most remarkable ano¬ 
maly. In the $ also the fore and middle discocellular are missing on h. w. which is only closed by a long lower 
discocellular running to the furcation of the lower median. The f. w. has only the costal distended and as in 
Lohora has only one subcostal vein branching off before the end of the cell. There is some uncertainty about 
the few species belonging to this charming genus and it is not at all sure that all the forms do not really 
belong to two or three species alone. Habitat ; the eastern region, no longer occurring at Bali. 
R. crisilda, the continental species, broken up into four varieties. — latifasciata Leech. (Vol 1, p. 80, 
fig. 29 a) remarkable for the broad white median part of f. w. and the extensive black approach of eyespots h. 
w. un. s. Apparently very rare. From West China, Mupin. Flies in July. — crisilda Hew. (90 e) till now. only 
reported from Assam and Upper Tenasserim but taken by me in Central Tonkin also (Aug. Sept, at about 
1600 feet altitude). Un. s. like crito (90 e) only the row of eyespots h. w. is ringed with somewhat paler yellow. 
— critolaus Nicev. (90 e) till now has only reached Europe from South Tenasserim; gives the impression of 
being an extreme dry season form. Ressembles latifasciata in its broad white discal stripes, and differs from the 
same and from crisilda in its narrower black bands h. w. which is occasionally split up into isolated patches. 
This butterfly was once taken by Bingham in the forest at the foot of the Donat chain in large numbers, the 
butterflies flew in the shadow of the high trees amid the low bushes, settled frequently and in the easiness and 
delicacy of their flight had Leptosia Xiphia alone as rivals. — crito Nicev. (90 e) was for a long time only known 
from Bhutan where it was very local but in certain favoured spots was observed in great numbers. Doherty 
discovered it later in Upper-Assam. (Margherita). Easily seperated from the other sister forms by the almost 
entire disappearance of the white bands of up. s. of both wings which too seem more or less covered with slate 
gray especially in the case of EE- ? as i n all Ragadia has rounder wings and of a paler colour than the E- 
