364 
MELANITLS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
aswina. season form (aswina Fruhst.) differs from aswa Moore, the un. s. of h. w. being more richly edged with brown- 
red. Tonkin, Annam, Tenasserim up to about 1500 m altitude, in Tenasserim exceptionally to about 3600 ft; 
I took ganapati, the dry season form, at Annam in February, Tonkin in April and Tandong in Tenasserim 
in May, while I possess a long series of aswina from an altitude of from 500 to 800 m from Than Moi, 
bela. June and July and from Chiem-Hoa, August and September. — bela Moore , from Sikkim and Assam is the 
aswa. best example of seasonal dimorphism from the continent, aswa Moore ( tristis Fldr.) being the rarer wet season 
generation. resembles polishana (96 b) but without the distinct subapical marking f. w., the h. w. less 
cut away. Un. s. blackish finely marbled with gray, h. w. with six widely separated, distinctly white-pupil- 
led eyespots. Un. s. f. w. either with eyespots scarcely as big as points or clearly perceptible. $ up. s. 
with dull gray approach to eyespots, un. s. a washed out red brown with broad brown bands and a sharply 
delineated somewhat foxy red distal margin, bela, the far commoner and more stately looking dry season 
form is remarkable, especially in d through the margin of both wings being broadly powdered over as with 
flour; it has too a striking scpiare red-brown subapical patch. The big black apical eyespot with two signi¬ 
ficant white pupils the larger of which is above the eye. $ with a broad red brown apical zone, with a 
still larger eyespot, above and occasionally below which are the broad feathering beginnings of accesary 
ocelli. Un. s. of d like a fallen beach leaf but marbled with gray and with blind gray ocelli; in the $ red 
brown predominates with more distinct, darker bands. In Sikkim from April to November but only in the 
lower regions. -— In Western Himalayas, Kashmir, Kulu and the Kumaon districts appears a hitherto unno- 
galJcissa. ticed, far smaller local race which I only possess in the eyeless dry season form, galkissa s'ubsp. nov., scantily 
dusted with gray, reddish approach to ocelli generally missing, un. s. pale gray with diminutive blind eyes. 
Type from Kulu. Occurs according to Moore from 2500 to 4000 ft. The eyeless form appears in April and 
belh a mi. October, the rainy season form in August and September. — toethami Nicev., is treated as a separate species 
by Bingham, it is the eyeless or slightly pupilled representative of phedima in Central India; the d of the 
rainy season form which flies in August has a double sized subapical yellow spot f. w. and this in the form 
taken in October attains large dimensions, filling up the whole transcellular region of f. w. and in the $ 
passes on to the discoidal cell itself. Un. s. sandy gray as in galkissa. Till now only reported from Pach- 
gokala. mari, a Sanatorium in the Satpura Hills in the Central Province. -— gokala Moore is a well differentiated 
mountain form from the Kanara and Mysore districts and from the Nilgeries where it rises to from 3000 to 
3500 ft. Larva on bamboo. A transitional form from bela to varaha from the Malabar coast and resembles 
zitenius with which I should have associated it had not Bingham united it to bela. The not very remarkably dif- 
aculeata. ferent dry season form was described as aculeata limps, and is found in April, September, November and 
December while the wet weather generation appears in July. The subapical patch of f. w. is a dull brown 
yellow, h. w. up. s. with three and un. s. with from six to seven white spots. Unknown to me in nature; 
varaha. its position here is questionable. — varaha Moore, named from specimens of the un-oeellated generation, is 
ampa. one of the commonest butterflies on the coasts of Marabar and Coromandel. — anipa Sivinh. is the eyed 
form, very small, $ up. s. black-gray, un. s. predominant gray with reddish powdering and with a large 
triangular submarginal spot. The dry season form ( varaha) is of the same size as galkissa. Both sexes have 
two white submarginal markings f. w. but the red eyespot periphery is wanting. Type of both generations 
from Kanara; in the Nilgeries and Travankore rising to 3000 ft., flutters about in the shade of the trees. 
tambra. varaha in November, December and January, ampa from June to August and in October. —- tambra Moore, 
whose life history is known, flies in Ceylon the whole year round. It is met with in the lowlands and up to 3000 ft. 
Seasonal forms less sharply separated than in varaha, the ^ of rainy season bears white submarginal spots 
h. w. up. s., that of the dry season is red-brown instead of gray up. s. in the apical region. Un. s. without 
abdullae. the pretty white markings which characterize vahara. — abdullae Dist. takes the place of bela in the Malay 
peninsula and in Sumatra, where it is never seldom from the North East to the mountainous West. Rainy 
season form alone is known, d being very like sumati (96 b) but smaller. The $$ have the gray brown colour 
sumati. of apical region f. w. paler, a characteristic that in sumati Fruhst. from Nias (96 b) is nearly, and in speci- 
enganica. mens from Engano (enganica subsp. nov.) quite fails. Larger than abdullae with more conspicuous white sub¬ 
apical points f. w. Both d and $ lighter un. s. and more richly spotted with red-brown; appears still earlier 
than leda ; Hagen has seen it banquetting on rotten figs at 5 A.M. When leda appears, at the latest at 
phedima. 8 A.M., abdullae withdraws fully fed and is not to be seen again till late in the evening. •— phedima Cr. 
(suyudana Moore). d up. s. black, often too with a white subapical point, as Cramer has observed. $ in 
two forms, one of which is of the extreme rainy season, without yellowish gloss f. w. up. s. (specially men- 
arcensia. tioned by Cramer to differentiate his species from ismene), $ fa. arcensia Cr., and one presumably from a 
dry period with dull brown yellow subapical square spot f. w., which is moreover tinted distally with red 
fulvinotata. and yellow-brown. — fulvinotata form, nov., Un. s. of d richer gray with darker black-brown ground colour, 
