MELANITIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
366 
panvila. white spots f. w. and richer white dusting un. s. of both wings. — panvila subsp. nov. s on the other hand a 
finely differentiated island race of which Dr. Platen discovered on the Sula Mangoli 2 and 3 these are 
in the Staudinger collection. f. w. with smaller, $ with more striking white marks. $ base of both wings 
up. s. red brown instead of yellowish as in velutina and ribbei. Un. s. likewise darker, rather red-brown than 
gigantea. yellowish as in Minahassa specimens. — gigantea Fruhst. from Ceram and Buru, differs in being bigger than 
velutina. Very rare, but few specimens are known. 
M. zitenius, a distinct species, far more widely spread than has been hitherto suspected, the micromalayan 
races have indeed been confounded with constantia Cr. by some authors. Is commonest in north of India, 
zitenius. in certain islands e. g. Borneo it is very rare. — zitenius Herbst. the dry season forma zitenius has the synonyms 
vamana Moore and duryodana Fldr. up. s. rather like zenon though with less distinct yellow brown diagonal 
decolorata. band f. w. This band is sometimes quite wanting so that the resemble niasicus (95 d). This is decolorata 
Fruhst. an aberration of the dry period generation. The of the rainy period ( semifasciata Fruhst.) bear a 
broad short rectangular spot above the black apical eye of f. w. Un. s. of zitenius and decolorata very variegated, 
semifasciata. marbled gray or red-brown, and, especially on f. w., velvety brown or black patches. The rainy season <$ (semi¬ 
fasciata) however is eaily confounded with $<§ of hsmene and leda through the uniform dark sand-gray coloring 
of un. s., in which the submarginal ocelli disappear as in leda. $$ of zitenius un. s. are even more handsome 
than d'cT the apical part of f. w. and the costal border of h. w. yellowish, as too the anteterminal border. $of 
zitenius like that of sumatranus (95 c) but the red-brown region of f. w. seem still more extensive, the 
apical eye-spot handsomer, more strongly pupilled with white. The rest of the wing surface is spotted 
with black and looks like a dry leaf covered with fungi. $ °f the rainy season form is a more 
uniform red-brown or yellow with striking red-brown longitudinal bands. I only possess zitenius from 
Sikkim where it is common enough from April to November and whence Moore described it as vamana. 
The name duryodana Fldr. was given to specimens from Assam, Doherty found it in the Kumaon Himalaya 
at from 2000 to 4000 ft. and Moore mentions specimens from the Andamans that certainly belong to a special 
kalinga. island race. The south Indian race kalirsga Moore is distinguished at a glance by its small size and unpupil- 
led black subapical spots that lie closer together f. w. I surmise that gokala Moore represents the rainy season 
auletes. form of the more recently named kalinga. ■— auletes Fruhst. Bingham mentions in his Fauna India p. 162 that 
two $$ found by him in Tenasserim approach the Javanese ambasara Moore, in that the black subapical marks 
are wanting. In my Tonkin $$ the said marks are certainly suggested but are far less developed than in the 
Sikkim specimens. Moreover the Tonkin $$ approach semifasciata, from which they differ in the more intense 
red tint on the farther side of the discoidal cell. Tonkin, Chiem-Hoa, August-—September 1900, Tenasserim, 
sumatranus. Perak. — sumatranus Fruhst. (95 c). An island race of which the $ reminds one rather of zitenius (dry season). 
The have a rounder cut of wing, un. s. much darker, the yellow apical region in $$ remains far narrower 
and is tinted with darker red-brown on borders. The un. s. of sumatranus $$ takes a brighter and more uniform 
yellow-brown and is crossed and bordered by more sharply set lines. Sumatra, neighborhood of Padang. N. E. 
Sumatra. According to Martin it is the rarest species occurring in Sumatra, does not fly lower than 500 ft. 
and from there up to 2000 ft.; is of larger size than ismene and abdullae and is easily recognized by the lighter, 
brighter, brown-yellow colour of wings, the failure of pupils in the well formed apical ocellus and the broad 
yellow band which traverses at apex of f. w. of $. In the course of 12 years only 8 dU and 5 $$ captured. 
Expanse of wing of Sumatra Melanitis leda 64mm., ismene 74 mm., abdullae 70 mm., zitenius 90 mm. 
rufinus. — rufinus Fruhst. Up. s. dark red brown, apex of f. w. more embellished, more prominent and narrower 
than in any of the above island races. There is no sign of black marking on f. w. of $. Un. s. lighter than in 
sumatranus. Very rare; in the Sarawak Museum only one specimen has been received in the course of many 
niasicus. years. S. E. Borneo, 1 $ from N. Borneo. -— niasicus Fruhst. (95 d). $ is close to the preceding but the ochre 
of diagonal band f. w. is still darker, ground colour of up. s. a more intense red-brown, that of un. s. brown- 
violet. has 1111 • s - °f h. w. almost entirely black, up. s. however going over to the Javanese race with its pe- 
ambasara. culiar brown-violet gloss on yellow-gray ground. Nias. — ambasara Moore, a splendid island race differentiated 
from the other Macromalayan forms by the dominant feature of dry season colouring. Both sexes appear in 
grisescens. two colour varieties, in which the un. s. may be either predominant gray with black velvet patches (grisescens 
gnophodes. form, nov.), or red-brown with reddish brown interspersion. — gnophodes Btlr. with reddish yellow un. s. and 
an analogous form to grisescens with washed out gray. I possess the latter form however only from E. Java. 
up. s. gray-brown, $ rarely with reddish gloss. $ always with narrower, shorter diagonal band f. w., gener¬ 
ally sharply detached, without the extended reddish apical zone that characterizes zitenius and the Macromalayan 
zenon. races. E. and W. Java up to about 2500 ft. Lombok in April and May up to about 1900 ft. -— zenon Fruhst. 
