ELYMNIAS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
379 
fore wings have a rather diffused, sometimes very short, almost always continuous band, and only rarely 
any isolated spots, as we see them in all races of nigrescens. The hindwings of the $ with a whitish or grey- 
yellow submarginal area, which is repeated on the underside of the ($<$. The subdivision of the forms of congruens 
may be carried out as follows, going from North to South. — subcongrueris Semp. differs from the southern subcon- 
branches chiefly in the very long tails of the hindwings, with a very short, narrow, greyish white, violet tinged () ruens - 
subapical band on the forewing; upper surface of $$ only dull purple, hindwing mostly brown, $ almost 
entirely brown, excepting a brownish grey submarginal zone on the hindwings. Underside with distinct series 
of ocelli, consisting of six black, proximal delicate blue bordered eye spots, which are wanting in the other 
races of congruens. Mindoro, December to February. According to the views of his time, Semper was cpiite 
right in granting specific rank to this sharply differentiated race, and we await with considerable interest the 
discovery of other geographical offshoots in the unexplored central Philippine Islands, Tablas, Sibuyan, Masbate 
etc. — congruens Semp. from the Oamotas, relatively small islands between the large Leyte and Cebu. Upper congruens. 
surface blackish brown, with very slight violet gloss, a light bluish violet terminal band, which is wanting 
on the hindwing. Underside with small whitish spots near the distal margin. $ agrees with the <$, but with 
paler markings and colouring on the hindwing. December to February. — endida subsp. nov. occurs from endida. 
December to February in Bohol Island, the S has a narrower blue subapical band on the fore wings and the 
distal border on the hindwing scarcely half as broad as the races from Mindanao and Bazilan. $ with the band 
on the forewing broken up into isolated spots, submarginal area of hindwings yellowish, but lighter than in 
subcongruens from Mindoro and with shorter tails. — phofinus Fruhst. Subapical part of the submarginal band photinus. 
on the forewings dazzling white, becoming broadly blue towards the anal angle, on the hindwings extensively 
violet. North Mindanao, flies in October. — phaios Fruhst. All the bands on all the wings much darker and phaios. 
greatly reduced. §. Retains only a rudimentary violet band on the forewing in the subapical region, it has en¬ 
tirely disappeared from the anal angle. Hindwing with dull brown submarginal band and dark brown distal 
border. South Mindanao. — rafaela Fruhst. (87 c). Runs smaller than phaios, from which it differs in the more rafaela. 
vivid and more extended bands and the red distal framing of the upper surface, and on the underside by the 
brighter, also broader subapical area of the forewing and the diffused whitish submarginal zone of the hind¬ 
wings. Hindwings with the submarginal band entire and commencing broadly on the costal margin, whitish 
grey in colour. Distal border broad, dull cacao coloured. Bazilan Island. February, March. 
E. nesaea, better known as lais Cr. distributed from North India to Siam and in the Sumatran Archipe¬ 
lago to Kangean and Bawean, having a general resemblance to Danaida grammica Bsd., the $$ of the blue 
streaked races of the macromalayan region nearer to Euploea mulciber $$ and their varieties. ■ — timandra timandra. 
Wall. (87 c, $ not $) the sexual differences are slight, the are smaller than the figured $, upper surface 
of all wings greenish passing slightly into greenish blue. Striae on the hindwing white. $ not so light as the 
figure, frequently with blue or grey-green streaks on the forewing. A underside with a broad black-brown area 
on both wings, extending from the base to the middle of the wing. The anal portion whitish with scattered- 
brown scales. $ underside entirely white with diffuse brown or yellowish shading but without darker or even 
defined basal region. Rare in Sikkim, from whence only a few specimens are known with certainty, and up to 
2000 feet in Teesta Tal, but common in Assam. — cortona subsp. nov. is a race from Burma and Tenasserim, cortona. 
everywhere scarce, with the streaks on the upper surface decidedly blue instead of greenish and with proportio¬ 
nately longer forewing than in timandra Wall., from Sylhet and Assam. — apelles Fruhst. (87 c). Wings shorter apelles. 
and more rounded than in timandra, but hindwing with longer tails. The black marking along the nervures 
spreads out as in baweana Hag., but coalesces towards the apex into a broad spot. Upper surface of hind¬ 
wing coloured almost as in timandra. On the under surface of the wings the sharply defined, broad, dark-brown 
basal spot on all wings also recalls timandra, from which apelles a.gain differs in the much lighter, more yel¬ 
lowish grey, instead of whitish blue colouring of the distal portion of all the wings, which is further much more 
delicately irroratecl, similar to the malayan races of nesaea. apelles thus presents in every way a transition 
from the continental to the macromalayan races, whereby timandra loses the appearance of a species, and 
sinks to the position of the most northerly form of nesaea L., which is spread over all the larger Sunda Islands. 
Siam, Bangkok, January, apparently scarce, since I only took 2 and there is also only one 3 in the British 
Museum. — lioneli Fruhst., $ above and beneath rather darker than laisides, Nicev. from Sumatra, with more lioncli. 
extended brown marking along the veins and mere gloss in the cell of forewing. £ larger than laisides 
apex of forewing more broadly black, ground colour darker green. Malay Peninsula. Billiton (?). — laisides laisides. 
Nicev. Larva probably lives on bamboos, the butterfly always remains in the vicinity of human habitations, 
and, like timandra, appears in some years in immense numbers. In consequence of the large violet apical spots 
the $$ on the wing are often not to be distinguished from Euploea mulciber There are tw r o forms of the 
<$. a) those with light green streaked wings, b) those with the forewing blue streaked, especially towards the apex. 
Sumatra, Deli and Padang. — meolais Nicev. <$. Smaller, the under surface considerably darker brown marked, neolais. 
Violet apical marking much reduced, hindwing more extensively brown. Nias. — kamerina Fruhst. (87 d). icamarina. 
