Publ. 24. VII. 1911. 
ZETHERA. By H. Friihstorfer. 
393 
of a peculiar snake’s head shape, with a broad, deep dorsal orifice, into which the uncus passes, and appears 
to be swallowed by the snake’s head. In their tendency towards Danaid models the few known species 
surpass even the Elymnias, and their inclination to develope polymorphic $$ is unexampled in the whole 
Satyrid group. Besides this, two species are noteworthy from their faithful copying of species of I deop sis. 
They inhabit the Philippines and the northern arm of Celebes. There are two groups of species; sexes dimorphic 
( Zethera ), sexes monomorphic ( Amecliania). 
Specific group Zethera. 
The lower discocellular touches the point of separation of the upper and middle median nervules. 
Z. pimplea from the northern Philippines, recalls in the $ sex Euthalia recta and teuta though the 
broad white, black framed band. Several interesting races; pimplea Er. (90c) from Luzon is the subspecies most pimplea. 
commonly found in collections, <$ with white, longitudinal iridescent band on all wings, and fine white ante- 
terminal marking, which are larger on the dull brown underside, and are accompanied by paired streaks on 
the veins in the submarginal area. — Besides the common $ form of the plains figured, there is also 
the (J-f. arayata Fruhst. smaller than the normal pimplea and with narrower white band, which is greatly arayata.. 
contracted costally and anally. Arayat Mountain, Luzon; Flies in April. — Of the in addition to the 
normal form which flies in the neighbourhood of Manila, there is a series of notable varieties.’ The above men¬ 
tioned name-type has no spot on the forewing before the apex of the cell, which has only a bluish-white 
longitudinal streak, the remaining striae on the forewing are reduced, with a blue-violet gloss. Hindwing as in 
aganippe, only blue in place of yellowish white; a general resemblance to Trepsichrois $$. — crastimhna crastimima. 
Fruhst. has entirely black forewing with only a broad, oblique, white subapical spot and a few subanal 
white dots. Hindwing like the type form, streaks without violet or blue gloss. An excellent mimic of Euploea 
(Crastia) tobleri Semp. Bataan, Central Luzon, where it flies in company with E. tobleri. — parnassia FI dr. parnassia. 
Forewings with only 4 white subapical spots. Hindwing black, excepting a few white ante- and sub-marginal 
dots. Mimetic form of the common Euploea swainsoni Godt., especially in the $. Sta. Rosa, Central Luzon. 
— diloris Fruhst. The white band occupies at least one fourth of the entire surface of the wing and is confluent diloris. 
with the submarginal spots in the anal angle. Undoubtedly a local race from the Babuyan Islands, north of 
Luzon. The judging from Semper’s collection, are the largest of all the Zethera from the Philippines, 
with the broadest white median band, distal area more richly decorated with white than in the sister race 
pimplea. The type from Camiguin de Luzon. — manisa subsp. nov., inhabits the island Polillo, eastwards manisa. 
from Luzon, and is also as a rule, larger than the Luzon the median band on the $$ rich blue-white 
glossed and the distal area blue-marked instead of white. — gadrosia Fruhst. (90 c), the Mindoro race; gadrosia. 
smaller than all its relations, median band proximal greenish bordered, distal area not so pure white streaked as 
in dilris Fruhst. ; $ recalling the colouring of Trepsichrois. Forewing with subobsolete transcellular spots, but 
prominent subapical marking. Cell with only one longitudinal streak, median striae whitish, bounded by pale 
blue. Hindwing white streaked, all the remainder as in Staudinger’s figure, which differs from my type only 
in the blue-green tinge on the forewings, and the yellowish streaking of the hindwings. Mindoro. — thermaea thermaea. 
Hew. I believe I am right in looking upon thermaea, which Hewitson dealt with as a species, as being the 
most southerly of the hitherto known offshoots of pimplea, since it differs from pimplea in other localities in 
having the median band glossed with blue or violet here and there. Samar, Bohol, Panaon. 
E. musa Fldr. Semper considers that the $$ of this species are as variable as those of pimplea. This musa. 
cannot be confidently asserted from the scanty material at my disposal, as only two $ forms are known, of 
which the paler occurs on Bazilan in the dry season only. Sempe r has already observed, that there are two local 
forms of musa on Mindanao, the of the northern half of the island having narrower bands than those 
on the southern half. It is quite natural, that, for example, on the narrow south-west tongue of land on 
which Zamboanga lies, the marine atmospheric influences should be stronger than in the main land at Minda¬ 
nao I call the narrow-banded northern form septentrionalis Fruhst. There are two $ forms of musa ; 1) the septentrio- 
typical $ form (probably a wet form). Ground colour brown, surprisingly like Euploea snelleni Moore $. Hind- nalis - 
wings with relatively large elongate white streaks in the median area. 2) $-fa. radenoides Fruhst. The first radenoides 
light $ discovered by Dr. Platen on Bazilan, and has a general resemblance to Radena. radenoides is pro¬ 
bably a dry season form. Mindanao. — mixta Fruhst. (90 c). From the Island of Bazilan, standing at the end mixta. 
of the south-western arm of Mindanao, from which it only separated by a narrow strait, I received a new Zethera, 
whose (d shows affinity with musa Fldr. and the $ shows analogies to pimplea, Erichs. The $ differs from 
musa in the more extended greenish white spotting of the forewing, larger marginal spots on the hind¬ 
wing, and the somewhat broader pocket-like mark which extends from the costal margin to the 2nd median 
nervule of the hindwing. On the under surface also the white markings are all larger and more distinct. 
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