410 
TAENARIS. By H. Frtjhstorfer. 
lower median and the submedian. The organization of the clasping organs is extremely simple; a slender 
pointed uncus with two delicate, thin, also pointed lateral processes. Valve distally chitonous, either straight or ob- 
liquely truncate, but always with fine dentation, usually only very slightly but always long setose. A dorsal 
swelling of the valve in various species more or less impressed. 
The larvae of Taenaris make an approach to those of Discophora, with which they have in common the 
shape of body, the pubescence and the position of the legs, but from which they differ in the two distinct 
horns on the head, which recall certain Satyrid larvae. The larvae of Taenaris have no resemblance to those 
of the south american Morphidae. The head of the Taenaris larva is narrow, but high and smooth, shining, and 
appears polished or lacquered. It is anteriorly somewhat flattened and strongly punctate, having a deep incision, 
above which to the right and left arise two slightly divergent horns. These horns are hard, the lower part 
shining like the head, yellowish, and become brown-red or black above. At the top they have a crown of four 
pointed projections. The head is further furnished with long, fine white hairs, which stand out stiffly on all 
sides. The body is cylindrical, slightly flattened clorsally, and of a reddish brown, yellowish or blackish ground 
colour. Some species show yellowish and black dorsal and lateral stripes, others only black dorsal lines, and the 
larvae of the cafops-group are uniform yellowish, phorcas, on the contrary, has a black larva, streaked with 
red and white. The individual segments of the body are furnished with tufts of slender whitish or greyish 
hairs, which stand out on all sides. The pro-legs are also setose. The closest and longest hairs are found 
in the species of the dioptrica- and arternis- group, the shortest in the catops- group. As to their life history, 
Ribbe (Iris, 1895, p. 113) states; ,,We found these larvae on Mania (Shortland Island) in societies on a species 
of dwarf palm. About 40 of the creatures were scattered over the leaves and on the stem in groups of 5 or 6 
together. The pupa is not fastened at the anal end and the pupal state lasts about 14 days. The larvae are 
sluggish creatures, and only leave the food-plant in order to pupate. They are covered all over with fine white 
hairs”. 
The Papuan region is the home of Taenaris', there we find about 20 species, which decrease eastward and 
westward, so that on the northern Moluccas there are only 2—3 species, and only one is represented on the Solomon 
Islands to the east and the Sunda Islands to the west. There is a yawning gap in the distribution westward, 
namely its absence from the celebean region and the Sula Islands; a phenomenon already noticed by Wallace. 
No Taenaris is known from the smaller Sunda Islands, hence their appearance on Java and Borneo is all the 
more remarkable. Palawan is the most northerly, the Lousiad Archipelago the most southerly outpost. In 
Queensland and in the smaller Sunda Islands the dry, australian climate may have hindered their distribution. 
Their absence from Celebes is still unexplained, for the extreme moisture of this well-woodecl island offers 
conditions of life exactly analogous to those of the principal head-quarters, the Papuan Region, the same may 
be said of Key Island, where also no Taenaris has yet been discovered. On New Guinea itself we can define 
four centres of geographical races; the Dutch territory, to and including Geelvink Bay; the southern Dutch 
region, the Onin Peninsula as far as Etna Bay; German New Guinea to and including the dutch Humboldt 
Bay; the British territory. Two more zones await inclusion, namely the Charles Louis Hills and the enormous 
forest area to the east and north of Frederik Henrik Land. We may expect further interesting forms, 
not only from the yet unexplored parts of New Guinea, but also from Gebe, Gagi and Poppa Islands. 
The forms from the British territory and its satellite Islands are as a rule the darkest ( T. onolaus 
saturatior and catops appina) but side by side with them are found the palest extremes, (such as T. catops my- 
laecha, arternis barbata , and Morphotenaris nivescens. 
A. S3 with very slightly developed scent apparatus, scent cavity on the costal margin and sexual 
spot on the hindwings without black scent-scales. 
a. Fore wing roundish. (Section Hyades Bscl.). 
T. horsfieldi has the most westerly range; in Java and Borneo it is very local, but abundant where 
it does occur, and have been reported from Singapore and Sumatra, whereas the species does not go further 
north than Palawan Is. Thus horsfieldi belongs to the macromalayan species, and its absence from the little 
Sunda Islands may be explained by the long dry season in the micromalayan region, which the shade and mois- 
horsfieldi. ture loving Taenarulae cannot survive. The name-type horsfieldi Swains, has been known since 1820, and Swain- 
son mentions the rather long scent hairs in the anal fold of the hindwings. Forewing translucent in both sexes, 
having only very diffuse brown-grey scaling. Hindwing grey-white with distinct grey border. The always 
conspicuous anal area bordered with light ochre-yellow. Head with a dorsal red-yellow crest of hair. Abdomen 
yellow-red. Under surface very similar to that of platenti (100 c) but the periphery of the ocelli still more 
opulenta. broadly yellow. Ocellar aberrations are rare, I have only the form opulenta with double anal ocellus in the 
morosa. hindwing. A form with more extended black scaling on the underside is named morosa Stick, horsfieldi 
is not uncommon in eastern Java and prefers heights of 1000—2000 m above sea level. It floats slowly through 
the undergrowth, by preference on the banks of rivulets or streams and rests with closed wings on leaves or on 
the ground in the woods. They are therefore easily caught, unless startled, when they dash off with a jerky 
