438 
THAUMANTIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
speculum and an androconial patch lying on the submedian. Hindwings with a more or less distinctly deve¬ 
loped scent cavity, as well as one or two basal hair tufts, which may be surrounded by a shining zone or stand 
in a dull area. Two of the five subcostal nervures are anastomosed with the costal. The central discocellular 
on the forewings distinctly developed but curving lightly outward into the lower radial. The metamorphosis 
of only two species known, having been recently observed in Borneo by Dr. Martin. Larva somewhat similar 
to that of Tnenaris , with two processes on the head and short, divergent anal spines; pupa elongate, slender, 
very like that of Amathusia. Clasping organs greatly divergent from the Satyrus type, approaching that of 
Zeuxid'in , of nymphaloid character, with strongly chitonized valve, without lateral points on the uncus, the valve 
may be distally finely dentate as in Tnenaris or spinose. Distribution; Macromalayana, with one indo-chinese 
species, which has penetrated as far west as Sikkim. 
T. diores has the simplest secondary, but the most complicated primary sexual organs. Hairtufts 
on hindwings unimportant, without shining area or scent cavity, speculum on underside of forewings small. 
Uncus basally much thickened, with a simple, straight sharp point; valve broad, with three dorsal and 
diores. one ventral spine. ■— Of diores Dbl. two not very sharply distinct forms are known (we illustrate that of the 
ramdeo. dry season 104 a) it lias been described as ramdeo Moore, and differs from diores only in the somewhat lighter 
blue iridescence, which penetrates further into the cell, and the rather paler underside of the hindwings with 
smaller ocelli. In the specimens collected by me in the small islands in the Bay of Along, Tonkin, and in Tenas- 
serim, the anterior ocellus on the hindwing is punctiform and without any black centre. The underside of all 
the forms is extremely delicately powdered with whitish grey in the distal region, which is separated from the 
full red-brown basal part by a fine white line. The $$ of the Sikkim and Assam wet season forms bear also 
an oblique, blue-white bordered subapical bar on the forewings, which is outwardly yellowish in one $ from 
Tenasserim. diores lives in the shady ravines of Sikkim and Assam, ascending to heights of from 2—4000 feet. 
ainana. •— hasnana Crowley is a nigrescent island race from Hainan; it is not represented in my collection, and is 
stated by its author to be smaller than continental specimens and to show a reduced blue iridescence on all 
the wings. 
T. lucipor is characterized by a long tuft of black hair, standing on a smooth surface on the hind¬ 
wings and a larger speculum on the under surface of the forewings than in diores. Along the submedian of the 
forewing there is a very small strip of modified whitish scales. Two geographical races are deserving of mention; 
lucipor. lucipor Westw. (104b) described from Borneo; the $ has a distinct series of whitish transcellular spots on the 
forewing, and a submarginal band, composed of yellowish pointed spots, hind wing with a conspicuous black 
anteterminal streak. Hindwings with only moderate basal blue gloss. The egg is spherical, rather larger than that 
of Papilio memnon, dull white, somewhat transparent, and covered with deep red hieroglyphics, like Hindu¬ 
stani characters. The larva emerges in four or five days and does not eat the egg-shell; it is rufescent, with 
two red anal processes and a shining transparent head, which has two black spots resembling eyes and thus 
recalling the head of a Culex larva. After feeding a double silvery dorsal line is developed, it is bordered with 
claret-red; the underside is whitish and the anal spines become black. After the first casting of the skin the 
silvery dorsal lines have disappeared, two short processes on the head becone visible and the anal spines remain 
black. After the second change the larva becomes hairy, brown-yellow with a double black dorsal line; the 
head is shining brown-red, with two frontal, reddish, obtuse, truncated processes, which are setose and stand 
close together; the short anal spines are coloured like the body and strongly divergent; the stigmata appear 
as black dots. The caterpillar, which is now growing fast, has a velvety, strongly pubescent appearance, it is 
fusiform, thickest above the central segments, becoming thinner towards head and tail; on the 8tli and 9th 
segments, to the right and left of the double dorsal line are paler yellowish, kidney shaped spots, with the 
concavity towards the dorsal line. After the third change the brown, very hairy larva has a blackish head, with 
two short coral-red, fleshy clavate horns, standing close together and having fine toothing something like that 
on a lizard’s claw; the anal spines are short, stout and plump, with grey-white apices; the longer hairs, which 
stand out above the general pubescence have rosy points. The larva are incredibly sluggish by day, as long 
as the sun is up they crouch on the bottom of the receiver, in the darkest corner, under thick cover, and only 
begin to feed as darkness falls. The casting of the skin takes a long time, two or three days, and take 
place at night. The creatures are very fanciful over their food, numerous leaves are gnawed, none ever comple¬ 
tely eaten, and fragments cut out but not eaten, fall to the ground in large quantities. The full-grown, 
rather cylindrical larva is 5—6 centimeters in length after the fourth change, very hairy, dull greenish brown, 
with an indistinct dark dorsal line, the head is strongly setose, with two lateral spots, black, like eyes or blinkers, 
between which is a frontal, yellow-brown triangle, which extends downwards to the peculiarly formed, extre¬ 
mely prominent mandibles. The processes on the head are very close together, rufescent, short and stout, cla- 
