THAUMANTIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
439 
vate, with a crown-like ring of points and strongly setose. In about 26 days, after remaining quiescent, 
without feeding, for two days, the larvae hang up and pupate during the night, one on a stalk of grass, another 
free in an angle of the cage. -— The slender, elongate pupa has the shape of a leaf with a short stalk 
(cremaster) and very long double point (palpi); at first it is light reddish and becomes olive-green in a few 
hours, six white spots en each side of the ventral segments indicate the tracheae, there is a similar spot right 
and left on the thorax, dorsum and abdomen are dotted with black, the wing-sheaths are finely striated with 
brown like the underside of an Elymnias wing; the double point on the head (palpi) is blackish; near the 
cremaster a short yellow line continuous the series of six whitish yellow spots. After 12 days, the pupa having 
become discoloured blackish, the imago emerges at about 6 o’clock in the morning. — candika Fruhst. (101 b candika. 
as candica) differs from the Borneo specimens in the reduction or entire disappearance of the whitish median 
and the ochre-yellow submarginal markings on the forewing, and in the more extended basal suffusion on the 
hindwing. In the JJ the ocelli on the underside of the hindwing are also much smaller than in the name-type 
from Borneo. The colour on the upper surface in both wings of the JJ is such an intense dark metallis 
blue, that the pincers which open the wing are always blue, in consequence of the powerful reflection; their 
secondary sexual organs consist of a scent patch at the base of the subcostal nervure, covered by a large, 
dark brown-grey tuft of hair. The much larger and paler have a less brilliant blue colouring, restricted 
to the basal half of the wings, having also indications of a yellowish transverse band and a similarly coloured 
marginal band, composed of crescents, both on the forewing; the two ocelli on the underside of the hindwing 
are also nearly twice as large as in the JJ. According to Dr. Martin candika is somewhat frequent on North¬ 
east Sumatra, where it lives in the woods and does not ascend to more than 1500 m. On the Malayan Penin¬ 
sula lucipor appears to be very scarce, if we may judge by the scanty material as yet received in our 
collections. 
T, noureddin shows the most luxuriant development of the male appendages, besides the usual brown 
basal hair tuft the hindwings have a second, shorter, emerging from an androconial cavity closely filled 
with brown scales, and both are surrounded by a shining bare space, which is repeated as a speculum 
on the underside of the forewings, where there is still a collection of white scales to be noted on the sub¬ 
median. Four local races are known; noureddin Westw. from the Malay Peninsula, most resembling the noureddin. 
figured chatra (104 a), showing only a slight yellowish tint on the submarginal region of the forewings and 
a scarcely noticeable blue gloss on the basal portion of all wings. The underside is unicolorous, without 
whitish edging to the red-brown oblique band on the forewings. — sigirya subs}), nov. (104 a J and 104 b $) sigirya. 
a rare and local form from north-east Sumatra and probably also occuring on Bangka Island. The JJ 
are easily distinguished from chatra and noureddin by the distinct blue reflection at the base of all the 
wings. - — chatra Frulist. (104 a) has an indistinct gloss on the upper surface of the JJ, only recognizable chatra. 
when viewed sideways, but is characterized, especially in the $, by a very fully coloured and well developed 
ochre-yellow transcellular band on the forewings. Both sexes have in addition a distal, distinctly white 
bordered submarginal striation on the underside, and the yellowish oblique band on the forewings, so promi¬ 
nent in sigirya, is scarcely perceptible in chatra. Habitat; the alluvial plains of the Sultanate Brunei in North 
Borneo. -— sultanus Sticli. is a local form from south-east and south Borneo, which does not differ essentially sultanas. 
from ckatra\ the specimens in my collection are all rather smaller than the splendid examples from northern 
Borneo and have somewhat paler ochraceous markings on the upper surface of the forewing. Dr. Martin 
had the good fortune of being able to observe the metamorphosis of sultana in Sintang on the Kapusa River, 
and describes it as follows; the spherical, greenish yellow egg, about the same size as that of lucipor and somewhat 
transparent, has two red-brown meridians of latitude. The larva on first emergence is dull green with a shi¬ 
ning black head. After feeding the dorsum becomes white striped; a blackish median line is followed by two 
narrow, pure white stripes, which are confluent towards the head and anus, then a blackish green stripe, 
of the ground colour, then another broader, pure white stripe which runs out onto the head and anal pro¬ 
cesses; laterally and ventrally blackish, the anal processes white, and two tiny white horns on the head. The 
whole caterpillar is coverved with long, thin, white hairs, longer in the anterior, shorter in the posterior 
half of the body. As it grows, the central segments become yellow-green. After the first casting of skin there 
is little change, except that the black parts become green, the white stripes remain as before, the head is shi¬ 
ning black. After the second change the larva presents a totally different appearance, being now densely 
brown-red haired, with two yellow dorsal streaks, which run onto the yellow anal processes and the horns; 
venter and legs blackish; the head red-brown with small reddish horns; the upward pointing anal tails 
give the creature a very neat, chic appearance. They do not go so deeply into darkness as the lucipor 
larvae; they feed both in the early morning and towards evening, and remain seated on the stalks; yet the 
most important feeding takes place at night. After the third casting the larva is 4 cm. long, fusiform, thickest 
in the middle, slightly smaller towards head and tail; venter and legs bright red-brown, stigmata black with 
tiny white centres, the sides brown, the division between sides and black marked by a broad, light yellow 
