462 
CALINAGA. By H. Frtjhstoreer. 
the" forewings than in the North Celebean $$. East Celebes $ and $ types in the Statjdinger Collection. 
South Celebes <J, Patunuang Asoe (January) in my collection. The £ of the southern race was first disco¬ 
vered by Doherty and was first described by Holland in 1890. 
Tribe Calinagidi. 
Forelegs of ? as in Pseudergolis, that is complete cells of hindwings closed. Occur only in the Indian Region. 
5. Genus: C'ulfiiaga Moore. 
This extraordinary genus, which only occurs in the upper regions of the Himalayas exhibits in its out¬ 
ward appearance Parnassius-like characters and illustrates in a most instructive manner in what direction 
the desire to mimic can be developed, in regions where Danaidae are absent, but where Parnassius and Pie- 
ridae enliven the neighbourhood. The chief characters of Calinaga are to be found in the extremely long and nar¬ 
row cells of the fore wings, the termination of the 4th subcostal nervure in the tip of the wing and the con¬ 
nection of the rear discocellular of the forewings with the median vein at the head of the 3rd nervure, in which 
it differs from all other previous families, whereas the following Pentliema ( Isodema ) has a similar construction. 
From the latter it is easily and surely distinguished through the absence of the front discocellular of the fore¬ 
wings, but chiefly on account of the short costal vein of the hindwings, which terminates on the costal and not 
on the outer margin. The praecostal vein is short and bent inwards; the forelegs of the excepternally 
small and finely haired; tibia and tarsus together only slightly longer than the femur. The three known species 
are easily distinguished from all other Nymphalidae on account of the extraordinary long red or yellow 
bristle-like covering to the thorax and one is reminded of the analogous hairy character of the Bombidae 
amongst theHymenoptera. One species ( davidis ) resembles certain Apona-species, Moore compares the North 
Indian race to Danaida lemniace, and a Siamese race resembles Danaida tytia and Papilio agestor. Uncus *) 
as in the Byblidae extremely pointed and delicate without basal thickening, valve extremely broadly folded, 
drawn out in front to a blunt point and covered with fine bristles. 
buddha. C. buddha is distributed over the Indian region in three races, buddlia Moore, the name type comes 
from the North West-Himalayas. It is the lightest form with broad hyaline patches and entirely whitish grey 
cells to the forewings. Undersides of hindwings pale yellow ochre. Frequently not rare in the Kulu Valley, where 
it is found on sandbanks in woodland streams up to an altitude of 1500 m. buddha is confined to forests and 
has never been found in bushes or aftergrowth. When disturbed the butterflies have a Papilio like flight; 
they are always local and one meets with them from March to May, less commonly also in July. •—- 
gautatna. gautama Moore (11 Id as buddha) inhabits the Eastern Himalayas. It is one of the rarest Sikkim 
butterflies, which only appears in one generation in the spring in Native Sikkim and has never 
yet been caught by a European collecter, but has only been captured by natives. The transparent patches 
of all wings and especially of the forewings are reduced, the undersides of the hindwings brown with a reddish 
brahma, flush. similar to $ but somewhat larger than the West Himalayan race. ■—- brahma Btlr. is the darkest 
extreme. Uppersides chiefly blackish brown, with the white spots reduced to small streaks and spots. Under¬ 
sides of the hindwings sepia brown with a distinct purple flush. Up to the present only two $<$ and 1 $ 
are known which were probably caught in the spring of 1884 on the way from Manipur to Kohima in the Naga- 
sudassana. Hills. — sudassana Melv. regarded by Bingham as a separate species, seems to me to be only a southern 
form of the collective species buddha and differs chiefly through a beautiful yellow ochre flush in the anal 
portion of the hindwings, which is repeated on the brown bordered underside as a reddish flush. On the fore¬ 
wing uppersides there is a row of white anteterminal spots, which are not present in the Indian buddha, but 
which are already slightly developed in the Formosa race. The type was found about 100 English miles 
from the north west of Chieng-Mai in the Shan States in a hilly region. Later on a few specimens were found 
at the Salwin River (Kunlon Ferry near the Yunnan Border) and three in the Karen Hills from 6—-800 m 
formosana.. by Tunglm. — formosana Fruhst. Is nearest to buddha gautama Bull., but bears broader and darker green 
preapical strigae and the submarginal spots of the fore wings are almost double as large. The black covering 
to veins in forewings is more extended than in gautama Butl., the submarginal spots of the hindwings much re¬ 
duced. The underside resembles gautama. Moore from the East Himalayas, but the apex is darker brown, as also 
the distal region of the hindwings. Formosana is much nearer to the Indian races than davidis Obertli. Appa- 
davidis. rently very rare. Island of Formosa. —• davidis Oberth. (Vol. I, p. 193, PI. 59 e) on the contrary is fairly common 
in West China and from Siao-Lu and Tay-tu-ho in my collection, has more greenish intra-nerval streaks on 
the forewings and a yellow underside to the hindwings reminding one of buddha from the West Himalayas. 
saka. —• saka M oore, as figured by Leech andSEiTZ (Vol. 1, p. 193 PI. 59e) is much paler than dividis ; and lactoris 
ladoris. p rn } ls y from Chang-yang in Central China is the palest extreme. The $ is especially remarkable on account 
of the entirely washed out colour, further on account of the white oval antemarginal spots of the forewings, which 
are always present and which sometimes coalesce with the submarginal spots to form long arrow shaped streaks. 
The apex of cell is white, not greyish black as in davidis Oberth., the thoracic hairs yellow instead of redbrown. 
*) Genital organs very similar to those of the Genus Cyrestis and several Apaturidi , so that its position next to Pen- 
thema is in danger and cannot be upheld. 
