CUPHA. By H. Frithstorfer. 
467 
A single bush and a few blooming shrubs suffice it for the whole of its life, one can be certain of meeting it 
at its chosen locality. Specimens from North East Sumatra which probably approach lotis or the Javanese 
races are not known to me. • — - synnara subsp. nov. very much resembles lotis, which is almost the rule with Ja- synnara. 
vanese butterflies. Ground color of the uppersides paler yellow-ochre, the broad transverse bands of the fore- 
wings darker in tone. The dry-season form not so pronounced as in lotis, the undersides never so uniform yellow 
grey, but always with well developed markings. The wet-season form is however not so dark brown as is the 
case in that of the Assam Tonkin and Singapore erymanthis. It can be separated from the Sumatran nagara 
through the dull yellow ochre basal colouring of the uppersides and the less bright undersides of all wings. 
Through o ut Java, very common in the East, of the island, on the borders of coffee plantations and forest roads 
up to about 600 m *) Bali. Bawean, Jhimba. —■ kangeana Fruhsl. forms one of the most distinct local races of kangeana. 
the whole Malayan region and is distinguished from Java males by the much darker redbrown ground tone 
of all wings. In the colour of the uppersides kangeana most resembles erymanthis saturatior Fruhsl. from Lombok. 
The yellow brown subapical bands of the forewings however bear a great resemblance to arias celebensis Fruhst. 
(107 f) from Central Celebes, but they are much narrower above and much more sharply angled in the middle 
and confined by the black median bands. The hindwing markings harmonise most with the of the wet- 
season form of Assam. Underside of the forewings: apex almost entirely black, anal spot three times as large 
as in Javanese 3S- The hindwings are crossed by a distinct redbrown median band, which is bounded on the 
outer border by a sharply defined pale yellow submarginal band; a character, which is repeated in a much weaker 
form in erymanthis palawana Fruhsl. Island of Kangean. - — saturatior Fruhst. is the darkest race, has almost saturatior. 
the same warm yellow-ochre colour of the wing uppersides in common with placida (107 c) and differs chiefly 
from placida through the distinctly angled black apical suffusion of the forewings and the increase in the size 
of the black bands and spots of all wings. Underside as in placida , but brighter reddish yellow-ochre with more 
extended black apical suffusion and well pronounced, only slightly yellowish transverse bands of the forewings. 
Island of Lombok from April to June from the see coast up to about 600 m. Uncus slender short, Valve resem¬ 
bles that of C. crameri, but is distally somewhat more inclined, with a more regular blunt point. — palawana palaivana. 
Fruhst. resembles in colour e> ymanthis maja from South India and is of a warmer brown than my darkest Borneo 
specimens. The transverse bands of the forewings are on the other hand very pale and on the inside much more 
sharply bordered with black than in any other of the local races. Both wings on the undersides are crossed by 
violet discal bands and are otherwise broader and more brighter colored than lotis of the Sunda Islands. Pala¬ 
wan, January (W. Doherty); Balabac. A similar form, which flies on Sula Island is in the British Museum. 
From Celebes an erymanthis race is not yet known; it is possible that in the South of the Island a form will 
still be discovered, possibly erymanthis is represented there by C. moeonides (107 f), which however is a good 
species. 
0. arias is closely allied to C. erymanthis and differs from the latter on the uppersides, through the 
oblique bands of the forewings, which are always regular and broader, more upright, straighter, not angled at 
the apex of the cell and proximally either without or with a very slight black border, and a very distinct grey- 
violet median band on the hindwing uppersides. On the undersides the forewings have an almost vertical 
submarginal series of black spots, which do not become obsolete towards the costa as is the case in erymanthis. 
The subterminal lines of the hindwings are closer together, the intermediate space paler, in fact almost white, 
never yellowish or brownish as in erymanthis. Finally the median row of spots on the hindwings are proximally 
more sharply bounded and do not coalesce with the ground colour, arias inhabits solely the Philippine-Celebean 
region, where it is divided into several sharply divided geographical races, of which we may still expect to disco¬ 
ver a large number. The Philippine local race resembles erymanthis very much so that Staudixger considered it a 
seasonal form of same; a view, which Semper has already contradicted and which cannot be upheld as on Pala¬ 
wan both erymanthis and arias occur, both fly in January and arias is before me from Palawan in two genera¬ 
tions. The Celebean race is so highly divergent, that it almost deserves specific value. — arias Fldr. described arias. 
from Luzon, inhabits the Northern Philippines. Groundcolour similar to lotis, but much duller, the very broad 
bands of the forewings pale yellow. -—■ Als dapatana Sm. a dark local race of the Southern Philippines is pro- dapatana. 
bably described, which is said to come from the island Dapatan. Possibly the place Dapitan or the similar 
named bay on the northwest of Mindanao is meant. No doubt specimens before me from Bazilan agree, which 
are dark smoky brown in colour, and compared with arias have somewhat darker yellow and narrower transverse 
bands on the fore wings, which are not quite so regular and more angled over the apex of the cell. Underside 
remarkable for the sharply defined, relatively broad yellowish median bands, which are proximally traversed 
by the violet streaks of the hindwings. Time of flight February and March. — cacina subsp. nov. replaces arias cacina. 
on Palawan and some of the Satellite islands of North-Borneo and occurs on Palawan together with C. ery¬ 
manthis palawana Fruhst. In colour cacina holds the middle between arias and dapatana Sm., paler than the latter 
and darker than arias. The tiansverse bands of the forewings vary somewhat, but as a rule are broader than 
in my Bazilan specimens. Hindwings with very distinct, white subterminal wavy line. Hindwing undersides 
*) Larva on Flacourtia ruham L. <& M. and FI. inermis Rowb. (See notes of Dr. M. C. Piepers.) 
