TERINOS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
493 
variability appears to be largely a sexual distinction, occurring moreover in an uncommon degree among the 
different species. Altogether the species of the genus Terinos show such a great tendency to vary that they 
must be classed among those Nymphalid genera which are still undergoing a process of evolution, possibly 
representing a phylogenetically younger branch of the great Nymphalid family. The cTcf of all the species have 
black scent-patches along the radials, the medians and the submedian veins on the forewings, as well as along 
the subcostal and radial veins on the hindwings; these scent-spots flowing together form one large glossy 
patch which in the eastern species extends as far as the upper median of the hindwing. The ?? of all species 
have in common that the lower discocellular joins the median vein invariably before the origin of the two 
upper median branches. Thus the course of the discocellular is in the ?? quite constant, whereas it varies in 
the cfcf, thereby affording us a sure means of separating the different groups. The relationship*) with Cynthia 
is expressed by the projecting apex of the forewing which, being most prominent in the few continental forms, 
grows more rounded the farther east one goes, — and by the caudate appendages of the hindwings, which 
follow the same rule as the apex. The bands upon the under surface remind us of Cirrochroa and, in the 
Indochinese forms, the whole style of colouring is repeated on the under surface, being reddish in the cTcd, 
gray or bluish-white in the ??. Quite variable appears also the colouring of the anal portion of the hindwings 
above, which gradually changes in the different islands and thereby renders a distinction and determination 
of the different forms easy. Nothing is known about the early stages. According to Hagen they are true in¬ 
habitants of the forest, fluttering in weak uncertain flight about the shrubs which border the shady lanes, and 
loving to rest on the leaves with folded wings. All the Terinos are confined to the low-lands, being nowhere 
found beyond the lower foot-hills. One species however I encountered in Java at an altitude of about 1600 
ft. Martin observed them circling around certain forest trees; according to his report they appear to be one- 
brooded, which however is not the case with the forms occurring on the Continent where a number of cases 
of Polymorphism have been observed by me. The genus has its chief home in the Macromalayan Region, 
where three forms exist side by side, whilst the eastern islands have only one species each, New Guinea 
excepted; here two species occur, of which each inhabits, to the exclusion of the other, a certain well-defined area. 
a) The median branches in the H at a distance of about 2 mm beyond the point of union with lower discocellular. 
T. terpander is the smallest species of the genus; at the same time it displays on the forewings the 
least-developed scent-patches; they not only begin beyond the cell, but do not flow together anteriorly, being 
represented along the upper radial by an isolated streak of thinly scattered scales. The hindwings are either 
orange-coloured in the distal half, or spotted with white in the anal area or they may be uniform blue, accor¬ 
ding to the locality. The under surface is red-brown, differing from all the other known species in being 
adorned with very broad longitudinal fasciae of a vivid metallic gray lustre, which in some forms are accom¬ 
panied on the hindwings by pure white submarginal bands. Distributed throughout the Macromalayan Archi¬ 
pelago. Semper’s coll, contains a form from Luzon which is closely allied so the type. — robertsia Btlr. robertsia. 
The ? differs from the cd (108c) in that the upper surface of the forewing is black in the outer half and 
that the black longitudinal band on the hindwing intersects the blue area at the cell. Hindwing beneath with 
a white band consisting of three crescent-shaped spots and reaching from the upper radial to the submedian. 
From the Malay Peninsula. — teos Nicer. In this species the anal portion of the hindwing shows asomewhat teos. 
lighter reddish tone; on the under surface the pure white area distinguishing robertsia is again met with in 
the shape of a lead-gray lustrous band, teos is the most frequent species of Terinos found in north-eastern 
Sumatra. 1 possess also a great number of specimens from the western part of the island. It is most abun¬ 
dant at Deli during November and December. — niasica Fruhst. is an intermediate form between robertsia niasica. 
and teos, in as much as the hindwings display a whitish tinge which becomes still more distinct in robertsia. 
From the island of Nias, where it is very rare; only one c? is known, the type in coll. Thieme. — natunensis natunensis. 
Fruhst. (108 c). The ? differs from terpander Hew. in the presence of two blue dots in the middle portion of 
the black outer half of the forewing, and in that the yellowish subanal band on the hindwing is reduced to 
less than one third in width. On the other hand the dark violet submarginal band increases proportionately. 
Underside: The colour of the forewing is rather paler than in terpander , the silvery white submarginal band 
on the hindwing is, corresponding to the upperside, reduced in width. 1 ? from Bunguran, Natuna Islands. 
The' forewings measure 41 mm., those of terpander 45 mm. — bankanensis subsp. nov., resembles much more bankane ns is. 
terpander than teos from the neighbouring island of Sumatra. The hindwing has before the distal margin a 
broad, dark ochre-yellow zone and a narrow terminal border of the same colour. In the $ this border is 
considerably broader, the submarginal area is correspondingly reduced but still reaching the lower radial as 
it does in the cf. The type which came from Banka, is in the Museum at Munich. — terpander Hew. is terpander. 
among all the insular forms the most brillantly-coloured; the hindwings have the very broad outer margin 
light orange-coloured, with a fine black subterminal line in both sexes. The under surface is richly marked 
with white, the forewing with a very large white spot before the apex, the hindwing with a prominent white 
submarginal band which, starting from the upper radial continues to the border. A number of specimens 
*) The Tegumen bears no relation whatever to Cynthia ; the uncus short and stunted; shape of valve broad and 
short such at it is in Cupha, but with two skinny dorsal lobes and differing from all the Issorididi in the presence of an 
antler- shaped double-pointed crest, in which it resembles Argynnis. 
