498 
CETHOSIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
with hair. Antennae with gradually thickening clubs tapering to a point. The sexual organs are very peculiar: 
The valve projects far beyond the last segment, sometimes presenting the appearance of a glistening, chitinous 
hemisphere, at other times being concealed by long bristling hair; uncus, in some species rudimentary, is 
provided at the point of juncture with the tegumen, with two lateral horn-shaped spines (C. biblis, penthesilea ); 
in ('. myrina and cydippe it is slender and pointed. Penis extraordinarily minute, sharp as a needle. Valve 
distally provided with tooth-shaped organs varying in the different species. Larva lives on Passiflorae; it is 
black or brown in colour, marked with yellow belts or with brown rings and yellow bands; as a rule 
gregarious, living together in great numbers, especially during the earlier stages. They are not unlike those of 
the genus Heliconius; the head is somewhat rounded, slightly bilobed and provided with two feebly diverging 
horns whose length is approximately that of the head. The body is cylindrical in shape, whith a deep incision 
at each segment, the back is provided with laterally branching spines, somewhat resembling the larvae of 
Cynthia. Pupa is said to be similar to those of the genus Heliconius , at any rate it copies the pupae of 
Cynthia but is not so grotesquely ornamented. It hangs suspended, is slender in shape, and provided with 
two large leaf-shaped projections protruding from the middle of the back, and with a number of smaller 
prominences, especially at the head, thorax and abdomen. The colour varies through all shades of brown, 
sometimes displaying golden spots. The time necessary for the development of the imago from the egg is 
about, four weeks. These butterflies are among the most gaudily-coloured in the Oriental Region. The 
predominating ground-colour is red-brown with a violet iridescense, the wings are adorned with a broad black 
border. Transcellular spots, patches or lunules are the rule; another characteristic found on the forewings of 
all the species is a delicate submarginal line which either presents an uniform undulate or (which is more 
frequent,) an irregular bold curve formed of sharp points and arches. All the species, without any exception, 
show sexual Dimorphism which appears so highly developed, that there exist but a few forms in which it 
does not also produce a difference in colour. The ?? themselves are polychrome; in some species they 
resemble their cfcf 1 , several light-coloured species vary from whitish to yellow and nearly green. As is the 
case in Cynthia, nearly all the species have at least two differently coloured forms of the ?; and the insular 
and local differentiation increases the farther east one goes. Whereas tertiary sexual organs are not found 
in the cfcf of Cethosia, a number of species are distinguished by a penetrant aromatic or slightly acid odour. 
According to Martin and Hagen the species which are found in Sumatra are inhabitants of the forest, haunting 
the more or less dense jungles, but avoiding the open fields. As far as I could observe in Java, Lombok and 
Celebes as well as in Tonkin, Annam and Siam, they actually avoid all shade, being only seen along the 
border of the forest, on broad paths leading through the fields and coffee-plantations. They are attracted by 
flowers, especially those of Lantana, but also frequent low shrubs resembling in their leasurely stately flight 
the Danaidae. Their geographical distribution is approximately the same as that of the genus Cynthia; but 
they extend their range westward along the foot of the Himalayas as far as Masuri, northward beyond Hainan 
as far as Hongkong and the Yangtsekiang; in the east however they cross from New Guinea only to the nearest 
adjacent islands, but do not reach the Salomon Archipelago as Cynthia does. All the Cethosias prefer the low 
alluvial plains; with the exception of C. biblis which ascends in Sikkim to elevations of 7000 ft, and of C.penthe- 
silea, which in Java still occurs at altitudes of 4000 ft.., no Cethosia is found above an elevation of about 2000 ft. 
a) The first and second subcostal nervules are placed close together; in the forewing the discocellular runs to the point 
of furcation of the two median veins; in the hindwing the discocellular is very feeble, presenting a sharp concave outward curve. 
C. biblis. This species is the smallest in size, but has in the genus the greatest number of forms and the 
widest range. PI. 110 b and c demonstrate to what extent the $? may vary in colour and design. The 
forewings have in most cases three rows of white submarginal dots or lunules, which in the Micromalayan 
forms may be displaced by the far-extended black distal margin; the same applies to the transcellular row of 
dots upon the hindwings. The ground-colour is reddish, in the ?? either red or greenish; the basal half is 
red, distal half yellow-brown, both are intersected on either wing by two white fasciae. One form is spotted 
with white in the median area on the underside of the hindwing. The forewings are adorned with three 
greenish longitudinal bands bordered with black, the hindwings with an oblique basal band of the same 
colour. The abdomen of the cf is red with a yellow stripe beneath, that of the ? is brown with a white 
stripe. The larva is yellow with black longitudinal stripes (logani'), or yellow with black at the back and 10 
black rings at the segments. The head is black, provided with horns of the same colour and on each segment 
with four rows of fine black spines extending horizontally from (he sides. Pupa, according to Semper’s figure, 
gray-brown, dotted with black, provided at the head with three curved horns and with tubercles and prominences 
on the abdomen. On the Continent of India seasonal Dimorphism is common. Its range extends from India 
(excluding the southern part and Ceylon) to the Moluccas, and in northerly direction from the Philippines to 
phanaroia. Hainan and Hongkong. - phanaroia subsp. nov. is the most northern insular branch of the collective species; 
the upper surface is very dusky, the white transcellular patches on the forewing are very much reduced, 
but the colour of the under surface is very pale. Although rare at Hongkong, where it is met with in 
the gardens in March and April, it is rather abundant on the little rocky island of Wag lan, about 20 miles 
to the south-east of Hongkong, where also the larva was in the early part of December discovered by Dr. 
Seitz upon Passiflora foetida, which plant had in some way or other been brought over from America. — 
hainana. hainana Fruhst. is rather smaller in size than specimens of the rainy-season from Tonkin, Assam and Sikkim; 
on the hindwing the distal border is black and much narrower than in biblis from the neighbouring territories 
