CETHOSIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
499 
Characteristic of the upper surface is the lack of black spotting in the median area of the forewing, where 
the cell appears red almost throughout, being only at its outer extremity shaded with black. On the hindwings 
the transcellular dots are in the cd very delicate, in the ? quite prominent, cd above light bottle-green, mar¬ 
ked in the submarginal area with white; on the under surface the median bands are considerably narrower 
and paler yellow. ? of a peculiar faded gray-green colour spreading also to the basal half, which latter- 
in the continental forms of biblis, that otherwise are green, always appears reddish. From Hainan. — biblis biblis. 
Drury (= tonkingiana Stick.) closely approaches in cd peraJcana (110c) in the more distinct white lunular 
spots on the upper surface of the forewings. The white median fascia on the underside of the hindwing is 
distally not bordered so profusely with black as in seen in cdcd from Sikkim; in the ? the aberrative green 
colour prevails, although quite indistinct above. — viridiana Fruhst. (110c); type from'China; collected by me viridiana .- 
in Annam and Tonkin, by Pavie at Luang-Prabang. I possess one specimen with entirely black upper surface, 
from Annam. — tisamena subsp. nov ., the well-known Indian form, of which the underside of the cf belonging tisamena. 
to the dry-season form has been figured in Vol. 1, PI. 72. The rainy-season produces much larger speci¬ 
mens, and in the ?? three different shades of colour are found: One resembling the cd, reddish above; another 
green analogous to viridiana Fruhst ., and a third one intermediate between the two, in which the base 
of the forewings remains reddish, whereas the subanal area is greenish; the anterior half of the hindwing is 
beautifully red, the entire basal and intramedian areas are shaded with a moss-green colour: — mixta form, mixta, 
nov. Niceville reports that biblis occurs in Sikkim at elevations of up to 7000 ft , where it abounds the whole 
year round, and that the caterpillar is frequently met with in great numbers upon the blue and white passion 
flower; still, the larva has never been described, tisamena also occurs in Nepal, Bhutan and Assam; speci¬ 
mens from Burmah and Tenasserim approach the Chinese form biblis Dru. and peraJcana Fruhst. — thebava thebava. 
Sm. is the name of an aberrative form in which the markings on the under surface are quite indistinct 
with but faint traces of the usual bands, whereas the white median spots on the upper side of the forewings 
coalesce with the submarginal dots. Moore gave a picture of a form which, while similar to thebava above, 
presents beneath the normal banded pattern and in addition is more extensively spotted with black. Both 
aberrative forms came from Burmah. — In the Malay Peninsula the place of biblis is taken by perakana perakana. 
Fruhst. (110c), which shows a more marked difference from biblis in the ? than in the cd. A splendid ? in my 
collection has the outline of wings more rounded than normal biblis -??; all the white spots upon the forewings 
are enlarged and more prominent, moreover there appear between the uppermost median nervule and the sub¬ 
median vein below the cell, two gray-white discal spots which in biblis are absent. The black discal spots 
on both wings are very much broader; the same is the case with the black terminal margin and the subter- 
minal spotting on the hindwings. On the under surface of both wings the subterminal bands are purer white 
and stand forth much more sharply from the ground-colour; the red and yellowish-brown fasciae are darker 
than in biblis. The second ?-form is corresponding to viridiana light blue-green. Beside perakana we find 
in the Malay Peninsula another form of biblis with Sumatran character: logani List. (110a) which is also i 0 g an i. 
found in eastern Sumatra, chiefly distinguished by a large white patch in the median area of the fore- 
wing beyond the cell. The exceedingly scarce ? very closely resembles the cd; but the wings are more 
rounded and reddish-brown above. On the under surface the white bands are, compared with biblis , much 
broader and on the forewing the spots reappear. Martin reports that the larva not only attacks the leaves of 
Passiflorae, but also the young shoots, lives gregariously and is often found together in great numbers. Its 
colour is yellow with black longitudinal stripes, according to Hagen dirty yellow-green and covered with long 
black bristles. Pupa provided with many protuberances and spines, and upon the head with some antler-shaped 
excrescences. The gay colours of these butterflies form a pleasing contrast to the monotonous deep green of 
the forest; they never rise high up in the air or to the top of the trees, but flutter restlessly between the low 
shrubs bordering the outskirts of the woods, or under the shady trees of the orchards. 1 he pupa takes but 8 days 
to develop, so that in one year 10 broods may be produced. — adantonia subsp. nov. Irom the western part oi Suma- adantonia. 
tra, whence I received four specimens from near Padang, represents a distinct transition to javana; but the white 
median spot on the forewing between the middle and lower median is still complete, approaching the anterior 
spot in size and not so obliquely cut oil as is seen in javana; also the black distal border on the hindwing is 
rather broader. On the under surface it approximates more closely to logani , differing from it in that the white 
bands upon the hindwing are narrower and the median spot on the forewing is smaller. — javana Fldr. (110 b) javana 
is rather scarce in Java, occurring in the western part of the island up to an elevation of 2500 ft. Above 
it preserves the type of logani, although the median spot hardly approaches in size the white patch which 
appears in adantonia : from western Sumatra. But the under surface represents a complete retrogression to the 
continental biblis and still more to perakana, while all that is left of the spots found in logani, is the somewhat 
broader oblique band on the forewings. - nacoleia subsp. nov. displays most plainly the high degree of nacoleia. 
sensitiveness of the Cethosiae towards climatic influences; it is a local form from eastern Java distinguished 
above by the confluent costal and median spots, the design of which bears a much greater resemblance to 
that of sumbana (110 c) and penthesilea (110 a) than to that of javana. On the hindwings of the cdcd the 
submarginal lines have united with the outer black border, leaving free only the series of transcellular spots. 
Also the median spot on the hindwing of the ? is smaller than in javana -?. Beneath, both sexes approach 
logani in the greater development of the white bands on the hindwings, which terminate in a sharp point and 
unite between and along the medians. On the forewings the white spotting of the median area is still further 
