CETH0S1A. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
501 
in the colour which in tambora is beneath a deep blue-black and reddish-white, whereas in narmada it is an 
intense brick-red with yellowish and black markings. Together with javana Fldr., tambora Dohlamarcki 
Godt. and leschenaulti Godt., narmada belongs to the rarer forms of Cethosia which are a characteristic feature 
in the smaller Sunda-Islands. — tambora Doh. represents the most extreme case of Melanism within the col- tambora. 
lective species. In both sexes the upper surface is nearly wholly obscured, only a reddish streak remaining 
visible along the submedian vein. On the forewings the transcellular spot is yellowish in colour, nearly always 
united with the costal spot and always broader than in narmada. Hindwings bordered with black as far as 
the cell. The under surface is marked with a compact black border having a bluish iridescense and reaching 
the cell. The forewings have the usual striation in the cell and a broad median band of greenish-white, 
otherwise they are black throughout. The hindwings are in the basal half gray-white with black markings. 
From Sumbawa, where it was discovered by W. Doherty. sumbana Pagenst. (110 c) resembles atia on the sumbana. 
upper surface, but the pale lemon-yellow oblique band which adorns the forewings is larger in this than in any 
of the other known forms. ? differs from <f in that the basal area of the hindwings is yellowisli-brown instead 
of red. hi the cd the median bands upon the under surface appear also on the hindwings unusually broad, the 
submarginal area is brown-yellow as in narmada , but in ? black as in tambora , only with a pale yellowish-white 
submarginal band. From the island of Sumba, very rare. — atia Fruhst. presents above the most deceptive a tiu. 
resemblance to sumbana Pagenst., but is smaller in size and the yellow subapical band as well as its black 
inner border are narrower; on the other hand there is more red in the forewings. Beneath the differences 
are more distinct: The discal band on the forewing has not joined the broad yellowish submarginal patch to 
form a compact mass, but the patch stands entirely by itself. The brown submarginal bands are considerably 
darker and narrower, the black band following it is more indistinct and also contracted, but the postdiscal 
inner band is composed of larger brown spots. The black and brown basal spots on the hindwings 
are smaller than in sumbana. From the islands of Kalao, where it flies in December. floresiana Fruhst. floresiana. 
resembles above most strikingly narmada, from which it differs in that the oblique band on the forewing is 
wider, more yellowish in colour and more compact. The forewings themselves are not so broadly black as 
in tambora. Beneath, the median band is farther extended, paler and rather yellow than dirty-white in colour; 
the distal half occasionally traversed by a broad brown submarginal band. Island of Flores. Forewing measures 
from 35—39 mm. — With sandakana Fruhst. (110 b) we begin the series of the Philippine—Moluccan forms, sandakana. 
all of which agree rather well among themselves and do not diverge so much as the Micromalayan forms 
hitherto enumerated, sandakana has the most striking resemblance with insularis from Luzon differing from 
it above' only in the larger dots placed upon the black submarginal band of the hindwings; the median and 
basal spots and bands on the underside of sandakana are narrower, the submarginal band broader than in in¬ 
sularis and more profusely bordered with a deeper black. On the hindwing sandakana agrees almost completely 
with biblis-d'd' from northern India. But the forewings lack altogether the white discal spots so conspicuous 
in biblis which are, here as in eurgmena, replaced by a yellowish costal spot and a subapical row of four 
whitish streaks. ¥ of sandakana is olive-green without a trace of white, much plainer than biblis and eurg- 
mena-’j'j. sandakana has hitherto been found only in the most northerly portion of Borneo where it repre¬ 
sents a purely Philippine element in the Fauna of that island, being a relic from the time when Borneo was 
connected by land with Mindanao. The ? shows in the dull green colour of the upper surface some analogy 
to the ?-form viridiana from Tonkin. — liacura subsp. nor., found in Mindanao, is distinguished from insularis u acura 
from the northern Philippines by the more prominent white markings on the upper surface of the forewings, 
in which it closely approaches amboinensis. In fresh cdcd the red basal area displays above a feeble but lovely 
blue irridescence never found in the paler light green or yellow-brown ¥¥. — tagalorum subsg). nor. (type in tagalorum. 
Staudinger coll, in the Berlin Zool. Museum) closely follows liacura from Mindanao, but has above the white 
patches smaller and the black distal border of the hindwing broader; ? above darker red-brown than 
liacura Island of Mindoro. — insularis Fldr. (= eurymena Fldr.) (1 10b) shows in its bright red colours insularis. 
and the banded Catocala-like pattern a much greater similarity to the continental biblis tisamena than to 
sandakana. Larva found on Baibas baquero, lemon-yellow in colour with deep black bands at the segments; 
head, feet and spiracles glistening black. On each segment are four stiff bristles, two longer ones pointing 
upwards and, below the spiracles, two shorter ones pointing in downward direction. Pupa light brown, irre- 
gularly spotted with dark brown and black, with a few dashes of gold and provided with sharp gaily-colour¬ 
ed points of irregular size. ? barely to be distinguished from cd; upper surface richer black, under surface 
a more dull yellow-brown. Luzon, Pollilo and several other islands of the northern Philippines. — moesta moesta. 
Fldr. deviates from insularis in the broader black bordering on the upper surface of both wings and 
in having four instead of three rows of yellowish dots and lunules on the forewings. The dark red 
basal area has a blue-violet iridescence. Among all the neighbouring forms moesta is characterized by the 
narrowest white and the broadest dark coffee-brown bands on the hindwings as well as the dusky, dirty-red 
colour of the basal portion of both wings. Type from Halmaheira; quite plentiful in Batjan, also found in 
Ternate. — Also from Obi we may expect some form of biblis, though none is known so far; but we again 
encounter the species in the southern Moluccas in buruana IIoll. This form reminds us, by the greatly enlarged buruana. 
white crescent-shaped spot on the upper surface between the upper and middle median nervules somewhat 
of logani and javana; from moesta it differs in having but three rows of pure white spots on the forewings. In 
? the forewings are blackish, dark brown in the basal half; hindwings of a lighter shade, more reddish-yellow 
