G E T H 0 SI A. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
503 
covered with fine black spines. It lives upon Passiflorae. cyane Drury (Type from Bengal) resembles above somewhat cyane. 
fruhstorferi (110a), beneath aeole (110a). a 71 above on both wings red in the basal half distally turning yellowish, 
and with broad black terminal portion which leaves the lower half of the cell free. Hindwings strongly dentate with 
a series of sharply curved white pointed arches. On the hindwings are always present two ultracellular median 
dots and also the submarginal row of dots met with in biblis, which in the ? is joined by an other row in the 
median area. The under surface is more gaily-coloured, black with red basal area and yellow-brown submarginal 
hands. The cP has in addition three white longitudinal stripes proximally thickly sprinkled with black. The ? has 
on the upper surface of the hindwing a whitish-green area; beneath the bands appear more indistinct. Speci¬ 
mens of the dry-season are of inferior size and paler yellow, and display in the ? between the submedian and 
the edge of the cell a whitish or green instead of a brown irroration. Plentiful in Sikkim, particularly between 
April and December, at elevations of up to 5000 ft. The larva is generally found together with those of C. 
biblis and Cynthia erota , occasionally causing some damage on account of their great numbers. Notwithstanding 
this we possess as yet no picture of it. Found also in Assam and Burmah, where it ascends to about 1000 ft. 
above the level of the sea. euanthes subsp. not?, inhabits Farther India and has been observed by me all euanthes. 
over Indo-China between January and July or August. In the cPcP the white oblique band on the forewing 
is broader, and the yellow-brown submarginal and postdiscal stripes on the under surface of the hindwings 
are enlarged. In cP the cell of the forewing is red almost as far as the costal margin, in $ greenish-yellow or 
brown, whereas in cyane it is black. From Tonkin, Annam and Siam, up to about 1600 ft. 
C. nietneri replaces the preceding species in southern India. The sexes do not in Ibis species display 
so strong a Heterochromism as in cyane , being much more alike. The hindwings only show the whitish colour 
at the periphery of the greatly enlarged postdiscal patches. In both sexes the oblique band on the forewings is 
notably narrower than in cyane. mahratta Moore ( 1 10 d ? as nietneri -?). In both sexes the underside is adorned mahratta. 
with very clearly-defined white longitudinal lines, cP has on the upper surface of the forewing the basal half reddish 
instead of yellowish and more extensively marked with white, but in other respects resembles the ?. The larva is 
dark brown marked with bright red on all the segments excepting the sixth and eighth, which show a broad lemon- 
yellow band. Pupa purplish-brown, provided at the middle of the back with two leaf-shaped appendages and with 
numerous tubercles on the head, thorax and abdomen. On the back there are six golden dots. Very abundant in 
southern India from Juni until October. The pupa is very sentifive to the touch. Generally one finds on the same 
branch from 20—30 caterpillars together. The imago is very common from beyond Karwar throughout southern 
India, being found in the Nilgiris at elevations of about 3000 ft. nietneri Fldr. (110d as mahratta -?) is a nietneri. 
quite distinct melanotic insular form, hi cP it may be distinguished from mahratta by the more obsolete and rather 
greenish transverse band and in general by the more obscured colour of the forewings; the hindwings above 
are greenish-white instead of reddish; ? greenish-blue instead of yellowish-brown, with the entire cell of the 
forewing blackish and slightly dusted with green. On the under-surface both sexes are nearly alike, whitish-green 
in colour with a broad brown-yellow submarginal band. The hindwings are ornamented with five irregular bands 
formed of dots and streaks that more or less fuse together. Larva resembling that of mahratta , but with narrower 
red and yellow and more distinct black rings. The segments are provided with two dorsal as well as two lateral 
rows of long, finely-branching spines. Pupa brown spotted with yellowish white; the sheaths of the wings are 
inflated; the head bifurcate. Abounds in the lower mountain-region about Kandy; during some years it may 
he rather scarce, in others very common. Occurs occasionally also at Colombo, in June and July. 
c) First subcostal branch in cP very close to the angle of the cell, in ? still at some distance therefrom. (This 
characteristic is not constant). 
C. hypsea forms the natural continuation of cyane in the Macromalayan and Philippine Region, occuring 
everywhere side by side with biblis and just as much subject as this to geographical influences. It chiefly 
differs from cyane in that in the cPcP the chitinous valves are externally visible, a distinction to which I called 
attention for the first time in 1899. The colour of cP is more vivid red, the submedian area of the forewings 
is in the Malayan forms invariably less extensive; in ? we frequently find a yellow subdiscal spot. The under 
surface always shows but one very broad, proximally still more enlarged median fascia. Both wings have 
the basal half crimson. The transverse band on the forewing is yellow in all but the Javanese forms which 
still retain the white band of cyane. Larva is scarlet with a white belt; it is somewhat protected from being- 
discovered by man by its habit of several crowding together upon one leaf and curving, during the process 
of feeding, in a certain manner around the twigs, (just as is observed in the case of the larva of C. biblis 
logani List) whereby they may be easily mistaken at some little distance for the scarlet berries of the food- 
plant. (Martin). The butterflies fly in the open woods enlivening with their gay colours the sombre green. 
In Java I encountered them at the edge of the woods preferring the half shade afforded by the under-brush 
to the hot sun, unlike C. penthesilea which is quite partial to the open. — hypsina Fldr. originally inhabiting hypsina. 
the Malay Peninsula, has pressed northward as far as southern Tenasserim and Pegu, whence however but 
few specimens have become known. It is distinguished from the allied forms by the exceedingly narrow 
yellow subapical line on the forewing and from aeole (110a) by the perceptibly reduced median band on the 
under surface of the hindwing. ? deviates from cP by the presence of a beautiful chrome-yellow subdiscal 
spot on the upper surface of the forewing. — aeole Moore (110a) from north-eastern Sumatra, has on the aeole. 
upper surface of the forewings a very broad, yellowish, oblique band appearing proximally rather frayed-out, 
