Publ. 15. IV. 1912. 
CETHOSIA. By II. Fruhstorfer. 
505 
C. mindanensis replaces C. hjpsea in the south-western Philippines and the Iolo Archipelago. It is 
without any doubt the showiest species in the Oriental Region and displays, next to gabinia Weym. and C. cyane, 
the most highly developed sexual Dimorphism. The cfcd have on the upper surface a great deal in common 
with hjpsea, the forewing resembling that of hjpsea aeole Moore in the colouring and extent of the yellow band, 
whereas the 9 harmonizes in its markings with pnlawana Only the upper surface is less variegated than in 
the forms of liypsea, of a peculiar cream-colour, irrorated with greenish along the margin of the black distal 
border, which is considerably broader. On the under surface both wings have the yellow-brown, subterminal, 
longitudinal stripe narrower, but display, in consequence of the coalescence of the black submarginal spots, a 
chain of large square patches. The median band which is, especially on the hindwing, almost as broad as a 
finger, continues to the anal angle of the hindwing. The ? has on the hindwing the basal area which in 
hjpsea is bright crimson, dull clay-yellow. Two local forms are known: mindanensis Fldr. (I09d), inhabiting mindanensis 
south-western Mindanao, whence Semper received but one pair from Gusu; ? is distinguished by having all the 
parts that in hjpsea are reddish, beautifully cream-yellow. The under surface, especially on the hindwing, is 
remarkable for a double row of very heavy, black submarginal spots which in hjpsea are only rudimentary. 
The deep blue iridescence visible in all the forms of Cetliosia on the inner margin of the black border of 
both wings is in mindanensis uncommonly brillant, being only surpassed by hjpsea fruhstorferi from eastern 
Java, which has the entire hindwing suffused with a violet glow. My collection contains 4 cdcd 1 9 from 
Bazilan, collected during February and March by W. Doherty. — festiva Fruhst. is much smaller than min- festiva. 
danensis Fldr. from Mindanao and Bazilan, the forewing measuring only 39 mm in length as against 46 mm 
and above. On the forewing the yellow oblique band is more compact, neither proximally nor distally so deeply 
notched as in specimens from Mindanao, and has, considering its small size, the black inner border much 
broader. On the upper surface of both wings the red-brown colouring of the basal area is darker, likewise 
the red-brown longitudinal bands on the under surface which has also the median rows of black dots more 
distinct. Jolo Archipelago; only 2 cdcT in the Fruhstorfer coll. 
C. gabinia Weym. ( 1 09 d) represents C. hjpsea on the island of Nias where it appears to be quite abundant, gabinia. 
The under surface is characterized by having both wings broadly bordered with white. On the forewing the 
oblique band is very short and coalesces with the median band; beyond the cell there is a white spot, almost 
obsolete in cd, quite broad in 9. The hind wing which is distally lighter yellow-brown than in all the forms 
of liypsea, has the white middle stripe more uniform and beyond the cell not constricted as in the Macro- 
malayan liypsea. On the whole the 9 is underneath hardly to be distinguished from the cf, a phenomenon which 
proves the resistibility of the under surface, and which is found in many Nymphalids, f. i. Kallima, Doleschallia. 
C. luzonica; although formerly I had united this species with liypsea with which it has a great deal in 
common, I am now convinced that it should be treated as a distinct species. On the under surface it does 
not greatly differ from hjpsea, aside from having on the fore wing the white band somewhat narrower and on 
the hind wing the median area, especially in the middle, broader. But in having on the upper surface the band 
which in liypsea is yellow, white, and in the resemblance of the cdcd to the 99 it approaches more closely C. 
methypsea Btlr. (and carolinae Forb.) (110 a) from which it is distinguished by the entire lack of white on the 
black distal submarginal strigae on the hindwings. In the insular races the white band on the forewing 
increases from north to south, being most indistinct in luzonica Fldr. which, although broadly bordered with luzonica. 
black at the apex, shows on the hind wing but a very narrow marginal border, and has the hindwing as well 
as the median area of the forewing entirely devoid of all spotting. On the forewing the cell is almost red. 
with quite distinct, black, isolated strigae, as seen in liypsea palawana. The under surface has the median 
area yellowish, instead of white as in the form from Mindanao. Flies from May until September. My collection 
contains specimens from Manila; according to Semper it is found also in the northern part of the island. — 
boholica Semp. described from Bohol, Cebu, Leyte and Panaon in the south-eastern Philippines, has on the boholica. 
forewing the cell entirely black and the white band short but very broad. — pariana Semp. from Panay, pariana. 
Guiinaras and Negros is closely allied to boholica, but has the white oblique band on the under surface consi¬ 
derably broader. — magindanica Semp. is a sharply-defined insular form of larger size than the more northern 
races, having on the forewing the band very variable, in some specimens quite rudimentary as in luzonica, 
in others almost as conspicuous as in pariana; one half of the cell is reddish. On the under surface both 
wings have the median area pure white and much broader. Flies from May until October and again from 
December until January. 
c) On the forewing the first subcostal arises distally to the upper angle of the cell, the diseocellular runs to the 
furcation of the two medians; the lower diseocellular is closer to the base and terminates proximally between the origin of 
the second and third median nervules. Valve externally not visible. 
C. myrina is the last and most highly differentiated species of the cyane-hypsea group, diverging also 
structurally most widely from all the Cethosias. The limits of its distribution are closely drawn, embracing only 
the Celebian Subregion where it is represented by three or four local forms. Colour-variations are not only 
the rule in the 99, but are foimd also in the cfcf, which in Central Celebes may be red, or display a gorgeous 
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