TIM EL AE A. By LI. Fruhstorfer. 
511 
them is by means of the tibiae and tarsi of the mesothoracic and metathoracic legs, which according to Speyer 
are in Melitaea armed only on the under side with 2—3 rows of spines, whereas in Argynnis resp. Boloriu 
the spines reach all around. Also in the design of the under surface of the hindwings Melitaea deviates widely 
from Boloria , being probably most easily recognized thereby. 
But the chief difference between the two genera appears in the shape of their respective larvae, which 
in Melitaea are provided with short, fleshy knobs, thickly covered with hair, in Argynnis with branching spines. 
The subcostal of the forewings is five-branched, the first nervule always arising before the end of the cel), the 
second far beyond it. The middle discocellular does not as in Argynnis form proximally a strongly concave 
curve, but, like the lower one, almost a straight line. The cell of the hindwings is closed, as far as the middle, 
by a tubular vein originating beyond the furcation of the medians; the hindwing has the precostal either single 
or bifurcate, branching off beyond the point where the subcostal is given forth from the costal. The sexual 
organs are highly developed as in all the Argynnidi; uncus cleft, ending in two symmetrical, sharp knobs. 
Valve frequently (M. athalia) adorned with a strongly branching, delicate, antler-shaped appendage (cercina), 
at the median portion provided with a ledge armed with tusk-shaped points. Palpi are not swollen as in 
Argynnis, rather approaching Junonia. The genus is in the Indian Region only represented by two species 
one of which ascends to the enormous altitude of over 16000 ft. 
M. sindura splits into a number of local forms enumerated in Vol. 1, p. 225. — balbita Moore (Vol. 1, balbita. 
pi. 67 e) inhabits Cashmere and Chumba, where it occurs from the beginning of May, at elevations of from 
10000—13000 ft. — sindura Moore was encountered in July in the north-western Himalaya above Shipki, at sindura. 
the Pass of Kongma leading from Kunawur to Tibet, at an elevation of 16000 ft, flying but a few cm from the 
ground, in company with Colias edusa and Pamassius hardwicki, on the stony grass-land bordering the everlasting 
snows, even on days on which an icy wind was blowing. At the Nilang Pass it ascends even to 18000 ft. 
sikkimensis Moore, a charming subspecies, hardly to be distinguished from balbita on the under surface, but sikkimensis. 
above paler yellow-brown, delicately marked with black. On the whole it resembles above, aside from the 
lighter ground-colour, M. arcesia minor Elw. (Vol. 1, pi. 67 d) from the Allai Mts. According to the labels 
accompanying the specimens in my collection, it ascends from 14—19 000 ft, flies in July at the border between 
Sikkim and Tibet. — tibetana Fawc. (Vol. 1, p. 225) has on the forewing the base and apex of the cell marked tibetana. 
with much paler tints, and on both wings a terminal row of pale yellow lunules. Tibet. 
M. didyma, according to Seitz the most aberrative Nymphalid species *), is represented in the Indian didyma. 
Region by a few pretty forms, occurring on the southern slopes of the Himalaya. — persea Roll. (Vol. 1, p. 218, per sea. 
pi. 66 d) descends at Rawal-Pindi, in north-western India, to 1300 ft. above the level of the sea, where it flies 
from March until November in two broods, the spring generation being larger in size and darker, having on 
the forewings the cell deeply obscured with fuscous, the summer brood being smaller, with pale yellow upper 
surface. — robertsi Btlr. from Afghanistan, where it is quite common at the foot of steep hills in May, in robertsi. 
southern Afghanistan as early as April. — dodgsoni Sm. observed near Quetta at an elevation of 8600 ft, having dodgsoni. 
the upper surface pale yellow, with very faint, black, distal dots. — chitralensis Moore (Vol. 1, p, 219, pi. 66 f) chilralensis. 
closely approaches in size and markings our South-European forms, and occurs in several broods. Specimens 
captured in April resemble robertsi Btlr. from the Punjab, but have the black bands more prominent; specimens 
caught in July are larger and distinctly sexually dimorphic. Chitral, from 9 —10000 ft. It is not unlikely that 
one or the other of the enumerated forms may belong to M. trivia, on account of their deceptive resemblance 
to M trivia collina Led. from Asia Minor. 
15. Genus: Timelaea Luc. (Vol. i, p. 225). 
An interesting, sharply-defined genus, whose structural peculiarities have hitherto not been sufficiently 
appreciated, distinguished from all the Lssoridi and Argynnidi by the fact that both fore and hindwings lack 
the lower discocellular; this brings it close to Junonia with which it also shares the long and slender and not 
swollen palpi. Like Melitaea and Boloria it has but one subcostal nervule arising before the end of the cell, 
the second issuing distally far beyond it and being separated from the third by a greater distance than in 
Melitaea. The palpi are ventrally covered with yellowish, above with black spines; the last joint is longer 
than in Argynnis and Melitaea, not distinctly separated or constricted. This genus has been lately discovered 
for the first time in Formosa by H. Sauter. 
T. maculata so far only known from China, where according to Seitz (Vol. 1, p. 226) it occurs throughout maculata. 
the valley of the Yang-tse-Kiang and northward as far as Peking, entering the tropics in Formosa as 
formosana Fruhst. (137 b); the c? appears in two forms of which the more common one closely approaches formosana 
maculata Brem. in the uniform fulvous upper surface, differing from it in having the median zone broader and 
lighter coloured. — muliebris form, nov ., however, resembles albescens Obertli. from western China in having the muliebris. 
more or less extensive median area pure white, and occasionally also the f. w. mottled with white; presumably 
*) The most variable Nymphalid species is undoubtedly Hypolimnas bolina L. 
