512 
BO LORI A. By II. Fruhstorfer. 
it is a dry-season form, since all the specimens which show the most beautiful white markings, were collected 
in March and April. The ? is always larger than the c?; the rainy season (July and August) produces the 
largest specimens having the upper surface pale yellow, without the conspicuous white area on the hindwing; 
the dry-season form, however, has, analogous to albescens , both the cell and the disc of the hindwing pure 
white. But the horodimorphic or individual markings are not transferred to the under surface, which has 
invariably a white basal area extending to the third proximal row of dots or macular band. Formosa, Taihanroku. 
found in the alluvial plains in the southernmost part of the island, and ascending to about 4000 ft in the 
mountains. Not very scarce. 
16. Genus: !§oIoriii Moore (= Brenthis Auct .). 
The varied history of this sharply-defined genus is not a bright star in the Entomological Heavens; 
much rather must it be called a record of human errors and thoughtlessness. From the first the separation 
of Brenthis by Huf.bner was superfluous, because the type of Brenthis Hbn., the well-known liecate, is a true 
Argynnis, and vice versa all the species classed by Huebner with Argynnis are true Brenthis in the -sense of 
later authors. Kirby united in 1871 both these names under Argynnis , and in 1872 and 1875 Scudder introduced 
liecate as the type of Brenthis. Although later on Dr Sciiatz recognized the difference of the species in question 
and gave a correct morphological definition, he again made the mistake of assuming the wrong name Brenthis 
for that group which, although recognized by Felder in 1861 and separated from Argynnis, had been allowed 
to retain the worthless name Brenthis. It was Moore who introduced for the general group which structurally 
had been founded by the ingenuous Felder, the better and comprehensive name of Boloria Moore. It comprises 
all those species which may by any one disposing over a magnifying glass be unmistakably separated from 
the true Argynnis by having on the forewing but one subcostal nervule arise before the apex of the cell, 
whereas in Argynnis invariably two are given forth. Of Boloria Huebner had drawn but one species (B. thore) 
to his mixed genus Brenthis. But also in Boloria we can discover some faults, since Moore who quite logically 
had established B. pales as the type of the genus, had confounded with the other species of Boloria also A. 
gemmata and A. clara which, however, are true Argynnis with two subcostal branches arising before the end 
of the cell. Of the species enumerated in Staudinger’s Catalogue, all the numbers from 202—220 inclusive 
(B. eva Gr.) must be united with Boloria, and in addition also B. eugenia Ev. (which is placed behind Argynnis 
daphne) and the purely Indian species B. jerdoni Lang. Also the Central-African species enumerated by Auri- 
villius under the name of Brenthis , belong to Boloria, as well as the Neotropical forms of which Felder had 
as early as 1861 taken over the Chilean cytheris and placed it next to pales. Of the North American species, 
Scudder in his incomparable handbook “Butt. New England” from which a number of the best illustrations were 
taken for Berge-Rebel, has figured the sexual organs of Boloria bellona, montinus and myrina: The uncus is 
very plain, hook-shaped, valve broad, without the clinopus common to all the Argynnis, but sharing with them 
the spoon or spatula-sharped cercina*). The Indian forms of the genus mostly approximate the Palaearctic 
forms or may be considered as mere off-shoots of Chinese-European species. 
hegemone. B. hegemone Stgr. (Vol. 1, p. 228. pi. 67 i), only lately discovered in Ladak, flying in July and August 
at elevations of 15000 ft. 
pales. B. pales whose capacity for expansion surpasses even that of M. didyma, having spread even to parts 
of the North American Continent (also B. helena Edw. collected by me on Pikes-Peak in Colorado at an elevation 
sipora. of 12 000 ft. is almost certain to belong to pales), passes the Himalaya in Cashmere and Ladak. — sipora 
Moore (Vol. 1, p. 231, pi. 68 b) is a local form found in Cashmere and Kulu from June until August at elevations 
baralacha. of from 11 — 13 000 ft., of very small size, pale yellow above, marked with fine dots. — baralacha Moore considered 
by its author and Bingham as synonymous with sipora, but separated by Seitz (Vol. 1, p. 231, pi. 68 b). The 
much larger local form from Afghanistan and Ladak, although drawn by Moore to generator Stgr., approximates 
lcorla. more to korla Fruhst. (Vol. 1, p. 230, pi. 68 a) if for no other reason but its great size; it finds but rarely its 
way to Europe, only a few specimens being known in the Crowley and Leech collect, in the British Museum. It 
eupales. flies in July, at an elevation of about 15 000 ft. — eupales Fruhst. (Vol. 1, p. 230, pi. 68 b) has the under surface 
quite variegated, and was on account of its rich red ornamentation classed by Bingham with specimens from 
Norway. I received it from Native Sikkim, where it had been captured in July at the Tibetan frontier at 
elevations of from 14—15 000 ft. together with Melitaea sikkimensis, Parnassius acconus Fruhst., P. lampidius 
Fruhst., the gorgeous Parnassius imperator auguslus Fruhst. and Argynnis clara manis Fruhst. From pales 
which oddly enough it resembles more than pales generator Stgr., the c? of eupales differs on the upper surface 
in having the black bands and dots much broader and the base of both wings darker. The under surface 
lias on the forewings the black dots likewise more sharply marked and all reddish patches darker brown; the 
hindwings are more gaily-coloured, the bands and spots dark red-brown instead of yellow-brown as in pales, 
narrower, more sharply dentate and notched, due to the fact that the silvery spots, although reduced in size 
*) Cf. p. 513. 
