Publ. 11. IV. 1912. 
ARGYNNIS. By H. Frulistorfer. 
513 
are more sharply curved. Also the ? has the bands on the f. w. above broader, and at the apex a very distinct, 
pale yellow spot. The apical area of the f. w. beneath is light yellow and traversed by a short, light red- 
brown band; the distal margin with red-brown markings. The under side of the h. w. is especially remarkable 
for the narrow, sharply dentate and nearly entirely black discal band, drawn across the middle of a silvery 
white area; the brown spot at the base has almost the shape of a triangle, with one corner drawn out to a 
sharp point and reaching the centre of the wing. The submarginal and subanal dots and patches are of a 
deeper brown colour and larger than in pales ??. Khamba-Jong in southern Tibet. 
B. jerdoni slightly resembles B. eva gong Oberth. (Vol. 1, p. 232, pi. 68 d) in the deep black shading of 
the h. w., spreading beyond the cell. It is found along the northern border of India in two distinct forms: 
jerdoni Lang (= cashmirensis Moore) (Vol. 1, p. 233, pi. 68 d), approximating in size to our B. dia, but marked jerdoni. 
on the under surface more like B. euphrosyne. Type came from south-western Cashmere (Gulmurg), where it is 
quite abundant at elevations of from 6500—8500 ft. I have but one cf from Mardan (Peshawar). — Of 
chitralensis Moore (Vol. 1, p. 233) only a few specimens are known from Chitral at the Afghan border which chitralensis 
are contained in two or three English collections. 
B. altissima which in Vol. 1 has been classed with Arg. gemmata, has without any doubt nothing to 
do with that species, but rather belongs to the genus Boloria. It occurs likewise in two well-defined forms: altissima. 
altissima Elw. (121 d), type from Chumbi at the eastern border of Sikkim and from Bhotan. I have quite a 
number of specimens from Kamba-Jong, near the frontier between Tibet and Sikkim, where it is found at 
elevations of ca. 14000 ft. together with Argynnis clara manis Fruhst. and Melitaea sikkimensis Moore. It closely 
approaches B. eugenia Ev. from Central Asia, but is rather smaller in size and its wings are more pointed. 
The silvery markings beneath are like those found in Argynnis gemmata , but more dull, and the terminal spots 
are more elongate and narrow. — mackinnoni Nicer, approximates more to eugenia Ev. in its superior size mackinnoni 
and in that the h. w. are beneath more richly spotted with red. It was first found on a tributary of the 
Sutley River near the Gonas Pass, at an altitude of 11000 ft., and is very scarce. 
B. eva Gr., of which the local form gong Oberth. from western China is frequently met with in collections, eva. 
is also represented in the Indo-Australian Region by the form charis Oberth. from Yunnan. Also this form, being charis. 
only found in the highest Alpine regions, has justly been drawn to the Palaearctic Fauna (Vol. 1, p. 233, pi. 68d). 
17. Genus: Argynnis F. 
This genus is, like Boloria, quite remarkable for the enormous range of territory over which all its 
species are found to extend from east to west, one species (A. hyperbius) ranging, moreover, almost equally far 
from north to south. No purely Indian species is known among the forms of Argynnis which we consider in 
this place, outside of A. kamala Moore. The others inhabit either the Chinese-Tibetan Region, or are found 
throughout the entire Palaearctic Region. All the species of Argynnis differ from Boloria in that two subcostal 
branches originate before the end of the cell in the forewing, and that in the hindwing the lower discocellular 
runs to the point of furcation of the two medians, whereas in Boloria it joins beyond that point. Moore and 
other English authors have proposed to split up this homogeneous genus, but this has been jnstly opposed to 
by Dr. Seitz. For aside from the fact that such an artificial division would be sure to cause great confusion, it 
cannot in any way be based upon any peculiarity of structure; for this varies greatly between the different 
species, and quite sharply-defined extreme forms are always connected by some intermediate form. It is, however, 
possible that at some later time a distinction between, and definition of the known groups may be made with the 
help of the sexual organs which among the various species present considerable differences. Even now we may 
distinguish between such species, in which the uncus has an appendage somewhat in the shape of a cock's 
comb (A. paphia, maja), and others in which it is quite plain (A. childreni belonging to the Indian. A. atlantis, 
aphrodite , idalia, cybele to the North American Fauna). The uncus peculiar to the first named group is richly 
adorned with fine spines, being in its complicated organisation rivalled by the valve; in this we first notice, 
standing out from the middle, a peculiar appendage which on account of its similarity to the foot of a bed¬ 
stead may be termed “clinopus”. (n the North American species named above, this clinopus is placed more in 
front than in the forms of the Old World. A short distance before the distal end of the valve an organ is 
seen to branch off, not unlike the “cerci” in Insects, which for that reason I may call “cercina”. 
With regard to structure we observe, moreover, between the sexes a distinct Dimorphism which is 
expressed in the neuration as well as in the presence of tertiary sexual androconia. This appears most clearly 
in the larger species, but may also be recognized in the smaller forms hecate, ino and daphne, and it is remark¬ 
able that previous observers have never noticed these sexual characteristics, which consist in that the second 
(distal) subcostal branch coalesces basally with the main subcostal trunk, called the “radius” by Comstock-Rebel. 
IX 65 
