PRECIS. By II. Fruhstorfer. 
519 
is very sensitive to geographical influences. All forms are subject to Horodimorphism which is especially 
noticeable on the under surface, giving it a monotonous, leaf-like appearance. With regard to their structure 
the several species belong to different groups, i. e. the discocellular veins in the f. w. have not yet arrived at 
their full development. In atlites and almana we still notice a fine, lower discocellular, whereas in villida , 
lemonias , erigone and oritlnja the cell remains open; in orithya indeed there exists according to Semper occasionally 
a sort of rudimentary transverse vein which partially closes the cell. As is the case with Argynnis and nearly 
all the other Nymphalid genera, the subcostal branches are placed in cfcd much more closely together than 
in the ??; but such a confluence as is observed in the Argynnis of the Dr gas- group does not exist. In the 
structure of the male sexual organs Junonia deviates from the Vanessids; judging from a drawing of Scudder’s 
(Butt. New England), the uncus is slender, thin and very sharp; the valve basally broad, ventrally deeply excavated 
and drawn out to a cylindrical, distally gently curved form. 
P. atlites found throughout the Indian Empire, the Nicobars and Mergui Archipelago included, and 
spreading as far as Hainan and southern China. I collected it all over Indo-China, Tenasserim, Java, lvangean. 
Lombok and Celebes. Specimens from Siam and Annam are smaller in size, those from Tonkin larger, even 
in the dry-season form. The latter is blue-white above, whitish and almost devoid of any markings beneath. 
The rainy-season form is above dark gray, with more delicate and lighter orange-coloured ocelli; the under 
surface is marmorated with blackish, with large ocelli. The ? is beneath always duskier and more richly marked 
than the cf, with broad, brown transverse bands. Also the upper surface is dark-gray, conspicuously striped 
with black. Of every local race are found some specimens, having the upper surface light gray, marked with 
a deep smoky-brown. The continental forms always surpass in size those from the islands. The egg is 
according to Niceville barrel-shaped, provided with 13 vertical lines which do not reach the flattened’ top, 
where a white ring marks the micropyle. Its colour is green, slightly translucent, with white ribs. The 
larva lives on Hygrophila spinosa And., a species of Acanthus; it is smoky-brown, laterally striped with 
orange and with a pale subdorsal line. Each segment is adorned dorsally as well as laterally with black, 
branching spines. Pupa gray-coloured with purple lustre, thorax and abdomen provided with a dorsal row 
of sharply pointed tubercles and with smaller lateral prominences. The imago flies very slowly, generally 
along the edge of paths leading through the rice fields, or congregating in moist places; they are never found 
at elevations above 2000 — 2500 ft. In the markings of the upper surface they are not unlike the South Ame¬ 
rican Ageronia. — atlites I. (117 a) was based by its author upon specimens of (he dry-season, while those 
of the wet-season are named laomedia L. Occurs in India and southern China, Hainan. — acera subsp. nov. 
is the form from Celebes; the ? is nearly always smoky-brown, whereas the cd is distinguished by the more 
prominent red ocelli on the upper surface of the f. w. It is closely allied to the specimens from Batjan and, 
among the western Malayan forms, to those from Engano. I have no specimens from the Philippines, but they 
are according to Semper very similar to those from the Macromalayan islands and Celebes. The earlier stages 
were described as early as 1829 by Horsfield; judging from his excellent figure, the larvae found in Java are 
darker than those from Continental India. 
P. almana presents a classical example of the most highly-developed seasonal Dimorphism, which ,is 
more evident in this form than in any other of the eastern species. In the form belonging to the dry-season, 
not only the colouring of the under surface is quite monotonous, devoid of ocelli and altogether resembling 
dead leaves, but also the oulline of the wings is affected, in such a way that the apex of the f. w. projects as 
it does in the genus Polygonia, whereas the hindwings are drawn out so as to form a short tail mimicking 
the stem of a leaf. The same appearance is presented by the continental forms of the genus Kallima. Also 
the various local forms of almana are more markedly distinct than is the case with J. atlites , and one may 
distinguish between two types: 
a) The continental type, remarkable in the dry-season form for the altered shape of wings and the perfect leaf- 
design beneath; this embraces also the Philippine form. 
b) The insular type, in which the outline does not change, even the hindwings are not angular, and the under 
surface, although devoid of eye-spots, does not completely resemble a leaf. 
almana L. (Vol. 1, p. 197, pi. 62 a), of which the dry-season form is characterized by the black shading 
on the upper surface of the h. w., and the violet iridescence spreading over the distal border of the f. w. In the 
rainy-season form the median band on the h. w. is always pure white beneath, and the submarginal lines are 
blackish, cfcd caught by Walker during October near Shanghai are larger than those from Hongkong; specimens 
from China and Formosa are the largest in size, those from Tonkin, and still more those from the Indian Empire 
and Ceylon being much smaller. The larva has been found on Acanthus, also on Gloxinia, Osbeckia and Lippia nodi¬ 
flora. The imago is found all the way up from the shore to an altitude of 6000 ft. It is often met with in gardens, 
where it visits Lantana, and in wet places. In the Philippines it occurs from Luzon to Mindoro and Bohol, 
but has never been found in Mindanao. — nicobariensis Fldr. was founded upon a small insular form which 
I am not acquainted with. Semper reports it from the Nicobars and the Maldives. — The Macromalayan specimens 
atlites. 
laomedia. 
acera. 
almana. 
nico¬ 
bariensis 
