520 
PRECIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
javana. 
sumbae. 
battana. 
lemonias- 
aonis 
aenaria. 
persicaria. 
vaisya. 
erigone. 
persiccata. 
may be referred to the form javana Fldr. Although not inferior in size to asterie-almana from Ceylon and 
Luzon, the median band on the under surface of the h. w. is invariably yellowish instead of white, and the 
submarginal lines are not so dark as in asterie from the mainland. As we have said before, the wings remain 
unaltered in the dry-season form, and whilst the eye-spots have disappeared from the under surface, there is 
always some remainder of the yellow and brown bands left. The three black bands on the upper surface of h. w., 
particularly in the marginal area, may be confluent or be separated by yellow subterminal lines. Occurs throughout 
the Macromalayan Archipelago, including Perak, Kangean and Lombok. — sumbae Doh. is distinguished by the 
fact that the black terminal stripes on the upper surface of the h. w. are always far apart, and that on both wings 
the under surface is paler in colour, marked with reddish submarginal lines. From Sumba and Sumbawa, may 
also exist in the other islands adjacent to Flores and Timor. — battana Fruhst. is a local form found in southern 
Celebes, in which both wings have the black distal border greatly enlarged; the submarginal bands are twice 
the size of those of javana, the ocelli on the f. w. are larger and more broadly black with a minute white 
pupil. Beneath the submarginal bands are at least twice as broad as in javana; the h. w. are adorned with 
three clearly defined, whitish stripes, one close to the base, the other in the median and the third in the 
submarginal area; in all the other insular races these stripes are yellowish in colour. From southern Celebes, 
where it was taken in January near Patunuang, and on Lompa-Battan, at an elev. of ca. 3000 ft, in March; 
almana does not seem to have spread farther east than to Celebes. 
P. lemonias inhabits the Oriental Region including Formosa and the Philippines. As we noticed in 
almana , also in this form the Chinese specimens are by far the largest and showiest; it extends as far as 
Sikkim and Bhutan. Two well-defined seasonal forms are found wherever this species exists. — lemonias 
L. (117 b), a form of the rainy-season, resembles above aenaria (117 a), from which it differs in the larger 
yellow patches on the f. w. — In the form of the dry-season: aonis Cr. (117b) the anal eye-spot on the f. w. 
is always present, but the brown stripes have disappeared from the under surface. Known to occur in China, 
Hainan, Burmah, Assam and Sikkim. Found in the Hin^daya at elevations of up to 7000 ft. Larva lives on 
Baleria prionitis L. and on three other genera of the Acanthaceae; its head is provided with two small spines, 
which in the other Indian Junonia either are absent or but feebly indicated. After the first moult, it is black, with 
four parallel rows of black branching spines. Abdomen black, legs likewise, head black with a yellow stripe, spiracles 
white. After the last moult its colour is that of leather, thickly dotted with dark and white. On the first and second 
segments there is a black line, on the other segments a row of spines; lateral stripes milky white, the head brown, 
abdomen and legs lead-coloured; Pupa is light brown, spotted with whitish and dark brown. — aenaria subsp. nov. 
(117 a); in the ? the undeT surface is still more variegated than in lemonias, showing at times a blue-white subapical 
band on the f. w. Side by side with gray-coloured ?? of the dry-season form we occasionally see ?? with flesh- or 
peach-coloured under surface of the h. w. ; similar to the cf pictured by Moore (Lepid. Indica. Vol. IV, pi. 313 c) 
— persicaria form. nov. This very small form, of which I possess specimens of the rainy, intermediate and 
dry-seasons, is found in Cashmere, Ceylon, Siam and southern Annum. — vaisya subsp. nov. (named after the 
lowest of the Indian castes). None of my dry-season specimens show on the upper surface of the h. w. the 
small anal ocellus found in all the cfcf and ?? of aenaria from Formosa, but the anterior ocellus varies, in as 
much as in some specimens it is single, in others double. Presumably also the lemonias found in Luzon may 
be referred to this form. Moore reports that vaisya is quite common at Bombay; Aitken attributes the fact 
that they are mostly found in a mutilated state, to the attacks by lizards whose favorite food lemonias constitutes. 
P. erigone and its subspecies take in the Macromalayan islands, Java and the Papuan islands the 
place of the preceding species. It differs from lemonias mainly in the presence of a complete row of ocelli 
on the upper surface of the h. w.; the seasonal forms are less sharply separated, for even in the most 
extreme dry-season specimens the general colour is never quite so pale as in the continental lemonias. On 
the other hand, we notice in erigone a greater tendency to vary in colour than in the extraordinarily constant 
Indian form. It is not found in Borneo or Sumatra, but my coll, contains a specimen obtained from the 
Museum at Singapore, labelled “Johore”. — erigone Cr. is especially in eastern Java one of the most common 
butterflies, occurring at elevations of up to 2500 ft, on the foot-hills of the Tengger Mts, but is alsp found in 
the western part of the island, near Sukabumi. Its ground-colour is light brown, bordered with black and 
marked with red-brown ocelli; the f. w. bears several rows composed of pale yellowish spots. ? is lighter in 
colour, with larger ocelli. Beneath the f. w. resembles that of lemonias, being ornamented with a large, black, 
red-ringed eye-spot. The h. w. has the ground-colour gray-yellow, marmorated with fulvous and black, 
persiccata form, nov., a form of the dry-season, shows in the apical portion of the forewings as well as on 
the under surface of the h. w. a monotonous red-gray colour. Very common between July and September in 
Java and Bawean; also in Kangean, Bali, Lombok (where 1 collected it in April at an elevation of about 
2000 ft), as well as in all the Mieromalayan Islands as far as Babber Kalao, where it flies in December. 
Starting from Lombok in easterly direction, the colour of the specimens, especially those belonging 
to the intermediate and dry-season forms, gradually becomes lighter. The brown colour disappears, gradually 
