526 
VANESSA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
dejeani. 
sambtdana. 
itea. 
lucasi. 
gonerilla. 
id a. 
tarneamea. 
P. dejeani formerly known only from Java, was found by me also in Lombok; likely to occur also in 
Bali. There are two insular forms: dejeani Godt. (117 c). Under surface resembling samani , which unites dejeani 
with indica, but with black base on the forewing limiting the transverse band to a narrow, yellow area, 
corresponding to the upperside. The cell of the f. w. with a reddish horse-shoe-like figure near the base and 
a distinct blue spot before the apex; h.w. yellowish-grey with indistinct, whitish design and blurred red-brown 
and blue ocelli. The main locality where F. dejeani occurs, is eastern Java, particularly the Tengger moun¬ 
tains. 1 was by no means astonished at the appearance of dejeani in Java, notwithstanding its palsearctic 
habitus; for the surroundings bore European character throughout with their fields of potatoes and gardens 
planted with beans, cabbage and lettuce in which dejeani was seen flying together with P. cardui. These 
gardens were widely spread covering nearly all the slopes and valleys in the middle region (from 4—6000 
ft.), of the mountains which rise to a height of 8000 ft. At these elevations a very agreeable temperature pre¬ 
vails in spite of the proximity of the equator, the thermometer often registering during the night 53 degr. F., 
and the traveller is obliged to provide himself with warm clothes and blankets. Such a temperate climate, of 
course, so much like the European one, is very favourable to the development and distribution of Pyrameis. 
Dejeani is much rarer in western Java. 1 met with it only quite occasionally at the Pengalengan plateau at 
an alt. of about 3800 ft., but also on the Tjicorai at an elevation of 8000 ft., flying during the few hours of 
bright weather, around the summit of the extinct volcano, but otherwise found hovering about the blossoms 
of the Cinchona tree. — sambulana Fruhst., differing from the Javanese race in having the usually darker and 
narrower median band on the f. w. above sometimes heavily suffused with black. The ? can be distinguished 
from the cf, as in dejeani , by the more rounded outline of the wings, the purer white and lighter yellow markings 
on the f. w., and the duller clay-yellow intramedian border of the h.w. I observed Pyrameis dejeani also on 
the Sambulun plateau in Lombok, 4—5000 ft. above the sea level, fluttering around the painfully common and 
large Urticaceae on which the larva is feeding. These stinging-nettles attain in Lombok a height of from 3— 
e 1 /* feet.; they are provided with sharp, poisonous hairs of such a length that even my clothes of heavy duck could 
not protect me from being severely stung while chasing after dejeani. The passionate ardour of the collector is of 
course not to be dampened by such obstacles, and I succeeded in collecting a fine series of dejeani in that island. 
P. itea splits into two local forms: itea F. (117 d, e), of which the ? and cf, leaving their size out 
of the question, differ only in the greater intensity of the markings on the under side. Habitat: throughout the 
South of Australia, southern Queensland, also in New-Zealand. lucasi Misk. unknown to me, mentioned by 
Waterhouse in his Catalogue of Australian Lepidoptera. 
P. gonerilla inhabits New-Zealand, was discovered by Dr. Schauinsland in the Chatham Islands. Two 
races must therefore be distinguished; gonerilla F. (117 d), from New-Zealand, of which no specimens were 
brought to Europe within late years, and ida Alf'ken (117 cl), which is easily distinguished from the former by 
the enlarged red area of the h. w., and the variegated underside. Habitat: Chatham Islands, distant from New 
Zealand about 500 miles. Owing to the strong winds prevailing in these parts of the Pacific ocean it is im¬ 
possible that these insects could have come over from New-Zealand (?). As it is not likely that this species has 
been in some way imported, it must be assumed that ida has gradually been developed from P. gonerilla. It 
is not to be doubted that at one time a connection existed between New Zealand and the Chatham Islands; 
both may have been parts of some larger island. This view is sustained by the subfossil occurrence in the 
Chatham Islands of the wingless Kiwi which is still found living in New Zealand. In those times when both 
islands were still united, P. gonerilla flew also on the Chatham Islands, but after the separation had taken 
place, it was gradually transformed into ida. (Alfken). 
P. tarneamea Eschsch. (117 c) a further highly specialized insular form, which is exclusively confined 
to the larger among the Hawaiian Islands. The underside is characterized by a beautiful tinge of green on 
the basal area, resembling patina, and by the prominent, white median spots. The submarginal portion of the 
h. w. often shows a roseate tint as in our picture, sometimes it is whitish. 
20. Genus: Vanessa F. 
The widely distributed species of this genus have their origin, without exception, in the palaearctic 
regions, including also Van. canace L. although this latter species differs somewhat in its shape and is found 
throughout the oriental regions, ranging all over Macromalayana. In contradistinction to Pyrameis no species 
is found in Australia. All the Vanessids, the North American forms included, have highly developed sexual 
organs in common. In Van. io, the uncus is bipartite, a smaller lamella deepened above being inserted in 
the larger torus. The valve, especially in the American species, is greatly distended, sometimes of the shape 
of a bagpipe. In io it terminates in a point not unlike the tooth of a hippopotamus. 
