VANESSA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
527 
V. urticae; of this species there are found in India two forms peculiar to different altitudes, and both urticae. 
closely resembling our common urticae. They are seldom brought to Europe and rarely seen in continental 
collections. — rizana Moore. Outline of wings almost quadrate, the black basal portion of the h. w. is larger rizana. 
than in the German V. urticae L., more approaching connexa Btlr. from northern Japan and the larger chin- 
ensis Leech. Rare in Sikkim, occasionally found by the natives in Native Sikkim, but its chief range extends 
from Cashmere to the Kurnaon Himalayas at elevations of from 9 — 17 000 ft. — ladakensis Moore (117 e), of ladakensis. 
which a ? from Ladak is figured, seems to be mainly confined to Tibet, only found in Sikkim and Nepal on 
the Tibetan frontier. The type came from Ladak, where this species flies in June, July and August at an 
elevation of about 16000 ft., ascending northwards in the Karakorum to about 19000 ft. 
V. caschmirensis (Vol. 1, p. 203), inhabiting the southern slopes of the Himalayas; there are two local 
forms which may be distinguished from the urticae forms by the slender outline of their wings and their larger casc y tm i r . 
size. — caschmirensis Roll, is more abundant than rizana and ladakensis , occurs from May to October, appearing en sis. 
on fine days, even in winter. Larva on nettles. According to Doherty, the sexual organs differ from those of 
urticae rizana. 7 spec, in my coll, from the northwestern part of Cashmere. Upper surface with broad red 
submarginal fasciae of the same tone as in urticae.— aesis suhsp. r.ov. (Vol. 1, pi. 62 f and IX, pi. 117 e), ranging aesis. 
from Simla and Mussorie to Sikkim, taken by me near Darjeeling in May and June. According to Niceville, 
aesis is flying there all the year round at elevations of from 2200—11000 ft. Easy to distinguish from 
cashmirensis by the mostly yellowish submarginal zone above, which is often wholly suffused with black. 
Distal area of both wings beneath lighter than above. 
V. polychloros is represented by fervida Stdfss. (117 e), a very pale form, analogous to the European dilu- fervida. 
cida Fruhst. (Vol. 1, p. 204) (type from the Wolga), figured, for the first time, from Indian specimens derived from 
Mardan in the north-western province. I have 4 cfcT and 1 ? that were collected by officers of the local garrison. 
V. xanthomelas deviates but slightly from the Indian form fervescens Stick. (117 e), which was obtained X ^rvescens* 
from the same source as fervida. Figured from a cd. Larva on Celtis australis, Pistachia integerrima, occasi¬ 
onally on willows. Rare throughout, sometimes hibernating and reappearing in February. A fresh brood 
occurs in March and April; the butterfly is fond of visiting the blossoms of Rhododendron. Moore names 
Cashmere, Kangra, Simla and Masuri, as localities where it has been found, besides I possess several cfcT 
from Mardan, Kulu, and Cashmere. Type came from Mardan. 
V. antiopa. This species is occasionally found at the Chumbi Pass and in Bhutan, whence Elwf.s at antiopa. 
one time obtained through his collectors a large number in July and August. Judging from Moore’s figure, 
they may be regarded as belonging to the small race yedanula Fruhst., the type of which came from Siao-Lu. yedanula. 
It is easily distinguished from European specimens by having the yellow distal border on the upperside of 
both wings thickly dusted with black. — asopos Fruhst., from Japan, is larger than yedanula , less heavily asopos. 
dusted with black, with a very narrow white terminal border beneath, analogous to yedanula, whilst the 
upperside resembles the North American form (= obscura Croocker, grandis Ehrm.) 
V. canace, widely distributed from North to South, inclines to geographical differentiation. Two general 
types can be recognized: The first, peculiar to the Japanese and Philippine Islands, displays before the apex of the 
f. w. a white spot, whereas in the second type that belongs to the Indian-Malayan region, this spot is blue. 
Of the former group 3 insular races are represented in my coll.; no-japonica Sieb., (figured in Vol. 1, pi. 63d, no-japonica. 
and described on p. 206) with the underside marmorated and the white spot on the f.w. translucent. By far the 
greater number of specimens do not show this whitish colouring on the subapical portion of the forewing, 
but retain in both wings the red-brown apical portion. Sexual organs quite different from those found in the 
other Vanessids, simpler in structure; uncus narrow, pointed; valve broad, distended, with two long spines 
crossing each other. Chiefly occurs on the island of Hondo. I have no specimens from Sapporo and 
Nagasaki showing the exact locality. — siphnos subsp. nov. is found in the Liu-Kin Archipelago. To this siphnos. 
form those examples with an uniform grey-black colour on the underside and without the red-brown apical 
area, which have already been alluded to in Vol. 1, must be reckoned. ? smaller than the Hondo-??, the 
submarginal band light blue, studded with quite minute black dots The white spots on the f.w. although very 
broad, are quite indistinct, and shaded with blue at the outer edge. Oshima, 8 cCcT, 1 ? in my coll. - ishima ishima. 
Fruhst. (Vol. 1, p. 206, pi. 117 f) has a still darker subapical spot, edged with dark blue on the f. w. and 
narrower, shorter bands of blue on the hindwing. From Ishigakishima, the most southern of the Liu-Kiu 
islands. — benguetana Semp. ; very near to no-japonica according, to the figure given us by the author, with benguelana. 
still farther-extended white spots and bands on the upper surface: the black dots on the submarginal band on 
the hindwing are just as heavy as in the lightest and beneath most beautifully marmorated ?-specimen from 
Hondo in my possession. Known only from N. W. Luzon, flies from July to August at an elevation of about 
3800 ft, Type from Mt. Hondo. — With drilon Fruht. the series of the blue-banded subspecies begins. In con- drilon. 
trast to no-japonica, the white spotting on the apical area of the f. w. is reduced; the ? hardly differs from 
