528 
POLYGON!A. By H. Frnhstorfer. 
charonides. 
charonia. 
canace. 
haronica. 
percikana. 
battakana. 
javanica. 
man ili ana. 
c-aureum. 
l-album. 
cognata. 
agnicula. 
the cf 1 , both have more enlarged but less sharply defined subinarginal bands on the h. w. The underside bears 
larger black areas than no-japonica , but without being so monotonously striated with dull black gray as siphnos 
from Okinawa. Occurs in Formosa at elevations of from 4—G0O0 ft.; not very rare in the central mountain- 
ranges near Chip-Chip, on the borders of the Dragon and Le-hiku lakes; discovered by H. Sauter. — charonides 
Stick. (Vol. 1 , p. 206, pi. 63e), described from the Amur and Ussuri, seems to range as far as western China: 
6 cfcf in my coll, from Setchuan (Siao Lu. Tien-tsuen), harmonizing with the cited figure. According to Leech 
it, attains 80 -90 mm in expanse, is fond of resting on wet spots in the road and of sipping the sap oozing from 
the trunks of wild cherry-trees. Specimens from Corea are said to approach no-japonica rather than charonides. 
— charonia Drury (not Donovan as recorded in Vol. 1 . p. 206), from the southern part of China and Hong-Kong, 
a great rarity in Tonkin (flying from June to August) and in Assam (November, December) The ?? are remar¬ 
kable for the corkscrew-like sinuous, blue submarginal band on the f. w. In Hong-Kong, charonia is very fond 
of alighting on hot stones and resting upon the trunks of trees; it is very shy and a strong flier. Larva on 
Smilax, gregarious, in December. Holland says that this species is very rare in Hainan. — Under the general 
name of canace L. (Vol. 1 , p. 205) all the forms found in continental India are comprised; the butterfly occur¬ 
ring from Cashmere as far as Burmah, is also recorded from the Nilgiris and other localities in southern India. 
According to Doherty, canace is found in the Kumaon Himalayas, at elevations of from 2500—7800 ft. It is 
rather scarce in Sikkim and only to be met with during the warm season at altitudes not exceeding 6000 ft. 
It has been observed, in Burmah, from October til February. — haronica Moore (117 f) is remarkable for the 
broad, blue band on the f. w. confluent with the transcellular spot, and the delicate blue dots at the terminal 
border of the h.w., as well as for the underside which in the distal half of the forewing is light brown throughout. 
I saw this form in Ceylon at elevations of from 2—6000 ft, resting on trunks of the trees in the woods with 
the wings closed over its back, and still flying in the late afternoon. Larva light red, dotted with black, each 
segment separated by a purple belt, with 8 rows of yellow branching thorns to each segment; head and feet 
black; on Smilax. Pupa red-brown, abdominal segments with two dorsal rows of minute knobs dotted with 
red; head with two long horns curved inwards. The butterfly flies all the year round. — perakana Dist., some¬ 
what similar to javanica (117 f) but with a broader, blue transcellular spot on the f. w. and broadly marmorated 
beneath with bright brown-yellow. Malay Peninsula; scarce in collections; & unknown. — battakana Nicer. 
has a broader blue band on the upper surface of the h.w. and a much narrower blue zone on the f. w. than 
the Javanese form. Scarce; Dr. Martin has only received 8 or 10 specimens in about 12 years. Time of appear¬ 
ance May and December, only on the high table-lands. Dr. Hagen met with it in south-western Sumatra on 
Mt. Kaba. — javanica subsp. nor. (117 f), a very constant race, of which I have in my coll. 3 cfcT and 4 ?? 
from western Java. The band on the f. w. more enlarged than in battakana , its components, while less isolated 
are not united with the discal spot as is the case in the form from Borneo. ¥ but little larger than the cf with 
the apex of the cell in the hindwing slightly dusted with blue. In the eastern part of Java a somewhat different 
local race appears which is lighter and more richly decorated with blue, being particularly remarkable for the 
broad blue markings on the terminal border of the hindwing. It is met with at elevations ranging from 1600 
-3200 ft.. The butterflies could easily be attracted with bananas. However they are very shy and can only 
be netted if one approaches them very cautiously, otherwise they dart off in wild flight, but return obstinately 
to their attractive meal. — maniliana subsp. nor. from the Brunei Sultanate, N. Borneo, comes closest to pera¬ 
kana Dist. from which it differs in both sexes in the presence of the very broad, light blue band on the fore¬ 
wing, which is united with the discoidal spot. Underside darker than in the other Macromalayan subspecies. 
?? apparently more frequent than the cf, or more easily captured. 
21. Genus: Polygonia Him. 
Of this genus, separated from Vanessa by the sharply projected apex of the f. w., two of the commonest 
species of the Palsearctic- Fauna arex also found in the tropics. 
P. c-aureum L. (vol. 1 , p. 207, pi. 64b). A beautiful, large form of this species occurs in the Central 
Mountains of Formosa (Le-hiku lake, Chip-Chip, Polislia), not rare in July and August. I have captured it also 
in the northern and central parts of Tonkin, from June till August, at about 1000—2600 ft alt. Quite similar 
specimens from the mountains of western China, Futschau and Japan are also contained in my coll. 
P. 1-album Esp. (vol. 1 , p. 206, pi. 63 d) enters the Indian Region through Chitral and Cashmere. Moore and 
Bingham name it Van. v-album Denis. Scarce, but few spec, hitherto known, among which 2 from Guhnurg, Cashmere. 
P. c-album, occurring in the north-western Himalayas in two forms, of which the more common form 
is cognata Moore (11 7 f), already described (vol. 1, p. 208). The 8 cfcf, 3 ?? from the neighbourhood of 
Mardan, while displaying some slight differences among themselves in the extent of the dark fasciae on the 
upper side of the hindwings, are all distinguished from the second form agnicula Moore (117 f) by having an 
uninterrupted yellow band accompanying the margin, which in agnicula is reduced to a few yellow dots within 
a brown marginal area. I possess specimens from Cashmere and Kulu, which are scarcely distinguished 
