Pull. 20. IV. 1912. 
ARASCHNIA; SYMBRENTHIA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
529 
from European specimens of P. c-album, and were known already to Moore. The darker tibetana Elw. is found tibdana. 
also in Native Sikkim, Chumbi, Bhotan, Nepal and the Kumaon Himalaya. The exceedingly rare specimens 
which I received from Lehiku Lake in the mountains of Formosa, where they fly in July and August at ele¬ 
vations of about 3800 ft., belong to lunigera Btlr. (Vol. 1, p. 208). lunigera. 
P. egea was only within recent times discovered at the Chit'ral-Afghan border, being cited as interposita egea. 
Stgr. (Vol. 1, p. 209) by Bingham, according to whose description it deviates from egea in the darker shading 
on both sides of the wings. 
22. Genus: Avasclmia Hbn. 
This genus in which Geyer made his interesting discovery of the difference among the various broods, 
is represented only by one form in Assam. From Vanessa it differs in that on the forewing but one subcostal 
nervule arises before the end of the cell. The eyes are clothed with hair. In the Neotropical Region it is 
replaced by the closely allied genus Coatlantona. The dG have occasionally the first subcostal nervule coalesc¬ 
ing with the costa and the second subcostal. 
A. prorsoides (Vol. 1, p. 210, pi. 64 f.) is represented by the form dohertyi Moore in Mani- prorsoides. 
pur and the Naga Hills, where it was discovered by Doherty at elevations of from 6— 8000 ft. in August and ,l °hertyi. 
September 1889. The larva feeds on nettles; the imago which is cpiite common in open places and in the vi¬ 
cinity of small water-courses, has the discal band on the upper surface of both wings white instead of ochre- 
yellow; the submarginal band on the hindwing is only indicated by a fine fulvous line. 
23. Genus: ftyiuhreiitliia Hbn. (= Laogona Bsd.). 
This genus deviates from Araschnia in having on the forewings two subcostal nervules given forth 
before the end of the cell and the middle discocellular more concavely out-curved; but the hindwings are 
identical. The $ has, corresponding to the more rounded outline of wings, all the veins spreading farther 
apart near the costal border, in consequence of which the upper discocellular is longer, more easily recognized 
and not so short as in the The sexual organs are quite primitive: Uncus normal, slender and distally gently 
curved; the valve which resembles that of the Vanessicls is rough-shaped, clothed with fine hair, ventrally 
concave, abruptly ending in a sharply pointed, chitinous spur curving steeply downward; scaphium feebly 
developed, membranous. Penis long, uncommonly sharp. Saccus slender. The larva which feeds on va¬ 
rious Urticaceae, resembles those of the genus Junonia as well as Vanessa caschmirensis Roll.; pupa in every 
way like those of Vanessa. The imago prefers the foot-hills to the plains, but occasionally ascends in the Hima¬ 
laya to elevations of 8000 ft. All the species separate even within short distances into local and insular races, 
and where the seasons offer different climatic conditions, also into summer- and winter-forms; moreover, in the Malay 
Archipelago we can distinguish between lowland and alpine forms and, in a few island groups, sexual Dimorphism 
or even Trimorphism is common. Several species are quite local and limited to certain parts of the Himalaya 
Mountains, others are purely Macromalayan, whereas the most common species has an enormous range from east 
to west, being found from northern India to New Guinea; but oddly enough the genus is not represented in 
southern India and Ceylon. Astonishingly rich is Celebes with three endemic and one ubiquitous species. Their 
mode of life has been well described by Hagen, who writes that, although endowed with rapid, quick, but 
somewhat jerky flight, they do not care to make use of their wings unless driven to it by necessity. They 
love best to sit perfectly still with closed wings, but always on the alert, on sunny forest-roads, sipping the 
moisture from some wet place or feasting on excrements. When disturbed they only move as far as is abso¬ 
lutely necessary for their safety, quickly returning again, after a few times flying to and fro, to their old places. 
C. hippoclus is represented in the Palaearctic Region by lucina Cr. (Vol. 1, p. 211), advanc- hippoclus. 
ing northward as far as I-tschang, and nowhere rare in western China according to Leech, whose figure on pi. 24 
of his magnificent work is erroneously marked asthala. In Hongkong the subspecies surpasses in size that 
from India proper, and is not at all scarce from December until May. The first brood appears in February 
and is generally found on sunny roads, resting with expanded wings on leaves and branches about 10 ft. from 
the ground. The oldest name for the Indian form is khasiana Moore which circumscribes at the same time khasiana. 
the rainy-season form, erroneously called lucina by Stichel in Vol. 1, pi. 64. — daruca Moore is based upon daruca. 
the paler specimens of the dry season; the $$ are remarkable for the narrow, peripherically reddish, black 
bands on the upper surface which are t especially on the hindwings, greatly encroached upon by the increasing 
subbasal and submarginal bands. The under surface is paler yellow, the red-brown marmoration reduced. 
daruca is most perfectly developed in Sikkim; less characteristic are the specimens I have from Assam, Tonkin 
(August-September), Annam (February) and Siam (January). The larva which was described in Vol. 1, 
resembles that of Vanessa caschmirensis Roll. ; it feeds on Girardinia heterophylla Dene, and Debregasia bi¬ 
color, always gregariously. Pupa adorned on the thorax with beautiful golden spots. The imago is every¬ 
where common, ranging up to about 6000 ft., from the north-western and Kumaon Himalayas as far as Bur- 
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