540 
YOMA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
conspicuous whitish-blue lines, and more lavishly irrorated with violet. The red-brown terminal border of both 
wings is more prominent, the ever-recurring white spot at the submedian is crescent-shaped instead of square 
as in polynice from the Macromalayan islands. The ? which had heretofore never been described I captured 
at Toli-Toli in northern Celebes in November and December. Its outer border is gray-brown, suffused to¬ 
wards the inner edge with black, and enclosing on the f'orewings a series of six black submarginal dots. At 
the cell there is a brown spot which sometimes is drawn out in the shape of a band reaching the submedian. 
Base light red-brown, thickly dusted with black. Beneath it resembles the ?? from Mindanao, but is paler, 
eunice. with the ocelli proximally margined with bright red and surrounded by a light coffee-brown halo. — eunice 
Frulist. In this form the markings on the under surface of the cf are of a still more intense blue-white and the 
crescent-shaped spot at the submedian of the f. w. is nearly twice as broad; the sexual organs have been described 
in the general diagnosis. From southern Celebes, where 1 collected it in January at the falls of Maros. The 
? found by Doherty near Pare-Pare was described by Holland in 1890. 
26. Genus: Yoma DoF 
Formerly united with Rhinopalpa it was justly separated from that genus for the reason that in both 
wings the cells are closed by a very thin transverse vein, whereas in Rhinopalpa they are not only open but 
also more contracted. Moreover in Yoma the subcostal nervules are placed more closely together, and the third 
subcostal branches off exactly • midway between the apex of the cell and the tip of the forewing, whereas in 
Rhinopalpa it forms only a very short fork, as its origin is very close to the fourth subcostal. The middle dis- 
cocellular is conc-avely out-curved, broad, not short as in Rhinopalpa, causing the two radials which do not (as is 
the case in Rhinopalpa) start from one point, to be rather far apart. On the hindwing the precostal is shorter 
than in Rhinopalpa. However it differs but slightly from the Ethiopean Salamis in that on the hindwing the 
transverse vein is somewhat thinner, closes the cell more basally and starts proximally to the furcation of the 
medians, whereas in Salamis it. runs straight to this point. Much more conspicuous are the differences between 
Yoma and the Neotropical Napeocles, which consist in the middle and lower discocellular veins being curved, 
whilst in Napeocles they stand almost vertically. Moreover the precostal is in Napeocles not distally bent over as 
in Salamis and Yoma, but only consists of a short stump. In Yoma the tails of the h. w. start at the third 
median nervule, in Rhinopalpa at the lower radial. The sexual organs are extremely complicated. Tegumen 
with stout., hook-shaped uncus and a membranous scaphium provided with broad flaps. Valve broad at the base, 
obliquely cut off, running to a finger-shaped point surmounted by a cylindrical clinopus resembling that of Ar- 
gynnis. Penis long, sword-shaped, sharp and pointed. Saccus very slender and minute. The vanessoid larva most 
closely approaches those of the genus Doleschallia; it is black, provided at the head and back with branching 
spines of the same colour arranged in pairs, also with lateral spines above the feet, beyond which it is spotted 
with red as in Doleschallia. Pupa resembles those of Hypolimnas; head with projecting front, but not bipartite 
as in Doleschallia or Vanessa. Its colour is gray, on the abdomen is placed a number of tubercles less deve¬ 
loped than in Hypolimnas. (Description from Semper’s figure in Rhopalocera of the Philippines PI. A.). In the 
imago the under surface varies individually both in colouring and markings, surpassing even Kallima. Whereas 
in the continental as well as the Australian and Macromalayan forms seasonal Dimorphism is the rule, their 
geographical differentiation is in comparison with Rhinopalpa and other Nymphalid genera quite insignificant. 
They inhabit, the lower plains, never ascending beyond the foot-hills or higher than about 2000 ft.; they prefer 
the open woods, assembling around flowering shrubs growing along the water-courses. Their true home is the 
Papuan and Moluccan Insular Region, extending in the east to Java, whence they have spread to Bawean and 
the Malay Peninsula and as far as Upper Burmah. In Sumatra it is not represented and in Borneo exceedingly 
rare, but excessively common in the Philippines; also from Formosa I possess a great number of specimens. But 
all the collectors complain of their scarcity on the mainland and of their bad state of preservation, which 1 have 
also observed in Annum and Siam. The genus comprises probably only two species which, moreover, may be 
considered as branches of some elder species, and of which the more common Y. sabina inhabits the western 
part., the rarer Y. algina the eastern portion of the Malayan Archipelago. 
Y. sabina, ranging from India to the Moluccas and in southerly direction beyond the Key-Islands as far 
vasuki. as Australia, is represented in Upper Burmah by the most northern form vasuki Doh. (113 b). This is as a rule 
somewhat smaller in size than sabina from the southern Moluccas, the ? never approaching the dimensions of 
sabina ? (113 c) and the cfcf never showing on the f. w. such conspicuous yellow subapical patches. The under 
surface is exceedingly variable, displaying either a) some broad whitish median bands, sharply angled distally 
on the forewings just beyond the cell (Cramer’s type), or b) showing upon these bands blackish fungiform 
alomaria. markings (atomaria, form, nov.) (137 c), or c) having no longitudinal bands at all, the under surface being 
sabulosa. of a monotonous gray sand-colour (sabulosa form. nov.). The form atomaria recurs also in Kallima, which 
occasionally is spotted on the under surface in a manner which imitates some sort of fungus. The ? is easily 
distinguished from the cd by the two whitish submarginal dots on the forewings placed on either side of the 
upper median. It has not been decided yet whether these aberrations in colouring and design have anything 
to do with the seasons; 1 am inclined to doubt it, taking into consideration the fact that in various localities 
dwarfed dV are found, which in the rich light yellow markings on the upper surface represent an extreme dry- 
