542 
HYPO LUNINAS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
their faint yellow rings; the under surface is greenish-brown, the white band suffused with violet in like manner 
pavonia. as the distal border of both wings. The blue pupils of the ocelli on the hindwing are somewhat more distinct. — 
pavonia Math, approaches kokopona, differing in that the ?? have the longitudinal band on the forewing more 
curved. The ocelli are broadly bordered with yellow, the third eye-spot before the first median on the hindwing is 
distinguished by its beautiful blue pupil. Among the 22 we find such as resemble the cfcf, and others having 
the median area obove white. Type came from Treasury Island; occurs also in Bougainville and the Shortland Islands. 
27. Genus: llypoliiniias Hbn. (Apatura F., Diadema Bsd.) 
Although according to the laws of priority this genus should by rights bear the name of Apatura F., 
as was proved by Scudder in 1875 and after him by Moore in 1881 and 1900, we refrain from introducing 
this change in order to not came in conflict with Vol. I, Pg. 160 and 185. The members of this genus are 
probably the most variable and for that reason the most interesting among the Rhopalocera. The Polychromism 
of the 22 surpasses even the well-known contrasts in colouring found in Papilio memnon; moreover, whereas 
the cfcP of memnon are rather constant, in Hypolimnas bolina also the cfcf are subject to variation, surpassing 
on the mainland of India even the 2?, which on the other hand vary on the many islands and archipelagoes 
to such an extent that hardly two may be found to be alike. Both sexes are subject to seasonal as well as 
geographical Polymorphism. It must be observed that whereas in Polynesia the local races are more sharply 
separated than in the Micromalayan-Auslralian Region, all the West Malayan-Moluccan 2-forms are again found 
there on a reduced scale. Notwithstanding however this individual Heteromorphism, it must be understood that 
this distinction between the insular races of bolina is but an external, geographical one, whereas morphologically 
speaking they are more stable than f. i. Cethosia , Argynnis, Terinos, Kallima a. o. As to structure, we are 
unable to discover any discrepancy whatsoever between the sexes, and the sexual organs of the cTcf, although 
highly specialized, remain even over very great distances practically unchanged (Amboina, Formosa). Uncus 
simple, stout, distally even more so than is found in Yoma; valve complicated, ventrally ending in a point not 
unlike the sting of a scorpion or resembling somewhat the penis of a Carabus; at the middle it is provided 
with a semi-spherical flap presenting the appearance of a rowel. Larva resembles those of Vanessa, with nine 
longitudinal rows of finely branching spines and with one pair of longer and stronger spines at the head; its 
colour is brown, lighter at the head. It. lives on Urticaceae and Portulaca. Pupa dark-brow, angular at head 
and thorax, the abdominal segments covered with dorsal rows of short, pointed tubercles. Imago, (a few in¬ 
sular species excepted) is extremely abundant, especially after a heavy rain; it prefers open places and is often 
found in gardens, being a characteristic ornament to the submontane landscape. Even in the Himalayas it 
does not ascend to beyond 4000 ft. of alt. Considering its size it is but a moderate flier, the 22 being 
downright lazy; they move about very little, and one may observe the same specimens day for day upon the 
same flowers. The fact that one so frequently meets dilapidated specimens, is explained by the pugnacity 
of the cfcf which do not. tolerate any rivals near by, and it is a daily spectacle presented to the collector in 
Java and Celebes to see groups of fighting cfcf in the air. According to Martin and Hagen they appear 
periodically in great numbers, while at other times they may be very rare. One species is distributed over 
four continents; whereas bolina has an enormous range in east-west direction, the forms of the pandarus- 
group are confined within rather narrow limits. The highest degree of development as to beauty and number 
of species it has reached in the Moluccan Subregion (5 species) and in the Papuan Region (New Guinea with 
6 species). In the Microtnalayan Archipelago we have still four, in the Macromalayan islands three and on 
the mainland of India only two species. II. bolina we encounter anywhere between Bombay and the farthest 
South-Sea Islands. Several species are also interesting on account of their similarity to Euploea and Danais. 
antilope. H. antilope is an eastern species, in which the markings are still rather primitive and the sexual contrasts 
least conspicuous. We distinguish two chief types of colour: one peculiar to the West Malayan-Philippine 
Region, in which the 22 resemble Euploea and often display on the upper surface a lovely blue iridescence, 
and the second type found in the Moluccan and Papuan Subregions, in which the 22 are dull brown and resemble 
their own cfcf. Characteristic of the under surface is the double row of minute, white, crescent-shaped ante- 
terminal spots of which one row is always, the second frequently repeated also on the upper surface. — An¬ 
other feature, common to all forms, is the submarginal series of white intranerval dots upon both wings, which 
likewise nearly always recur also above. The costa of the forewing is dusted with white, and the cell contains four 
white costal spots. The hindwings finally display almost invariably at the subcostal a white-yellow spot which 
is obsolete only in a few Papuan specimens. Among all the insular races we encounter individuals with whitish 
intranerval tracts in the submarginal portion of the hindwings, and again others of melanotic character without 
these. The forewings contain moreover not unfrequently some white apical patches, and in a few insular races 
the upper surface .of both wings is bordered with white, analogous to certain species of Euploea. The larva which 
was discovered by Dr. Hagen in Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, lives gregariously, many hundreds together, upon some 
kind of a shrub in May. Its colour is black, the head yellow, armed with two long black spines. The segments 
are laterally spotted with yellow, and provided with yellow branching spines coloured black at. the ends. - 
anomala . anomala Wall. (1 1 9 e) occurs in the Malay Peninsula and, without undergoing any appreciable change, also in 
Sumatra, Engano and Bawean; but it is in Java where its blue iridescence and the white transcellular striation 
