548 
HYPOLIMNAS. By H. Fruhstoreer. 
know that it is found together with antilope and misippus on every larger island, and that the dcf are mono 
chrome, the. nearly always polychrome; between the most extreme-forms augeCr. and lisianassaCr. we 
find numerous transitions, as also between the various which renders it impossible to draw a sharp parting 
line between the different aberrations and individuals. Cramer figures 5 §-forms from Java alone which, 
however, by no means exhaust the forms found there, as I possess three other aberrations deserving a name 
with equal right, besides a number of intermediate forms connecting the two extremes. In spite of the 
almost endless individual variability found in bolina, it was still possible that under the influence of a tropi¬ 
cal sun and the moisture of the equatorial and Monsoon zones special local forms could develop. Side 
by side with these “local forms” to which always the greater number of the inviduals belong, we find also 
stray aberrations characteristic of some other region. Thus Distant figures together with incommoda Btlr., 
which is peculiar to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, also a specimen resembling perimele which 
is otherwise only known from Java. In the latter island I found, on the other hand, a jacintha-Q which is pe¬ 
culiar to India and Nias; in the Philippines, where the form philippensis Btlr. figured by Semper occurs, 
we observe occasionally stray specimens of iphigenia Cr. from the Sunda Islands, and the $$ found in Luzon 
seem to be altogether identical with jacintha. — The nomenclature is very complicate, because previous 
authors used the names of the $$-forms to designate local forms, at the same time disregarding altogether 
some names, such as antiope Muell. With antiope we must probably unite all the forms of bolina from the small 
Sunda Islands, Australia and even the Solomon Islands; In the east it is replaced by the extremely 
variable forms of the South Sea Islands, whereas in the west its variability decreases, only one $-form 
(the quite dark avia F.) being found on the continent of India. The larva lives on Portulaceae, in the Philip¬ 
pines also on Urticaceae; it was first figured in 1857 by Horsfield and Moore. Probably it varies somewhat 
according to the locality, those from Australia and the Caroline Islands having above the spiracles a lateral 
stripe of yellow not found in Indian and Javanese specimens. It is blackish, with 9 rows of yellow spines 
and with black cephalic horns. The pupa is earth-brown with lighter markings, angular at the head and thorax; 
the abdominal segments are provided with dorsal rows of sharp tubercles. Pupal state lasts from 10—-11, in the 
Carolines 12, in Australia sometimes 20 days. The larva is occasionally found in the verandahs of Indian 
dwellings, and is very easy to rear. The imago is nearly everywhere common, occurring during one year in 
immense numbers, in another rather sparsely. It prefers the open fields, gardens, outskirts of woods and 
plantations. In the Malay Archipelago it hardly ascends beyond 2500 ft, but on the southern slopes of the Hima¬ 
layas it is still found at elevations of 4000 ft. We distinguish between two groups of subspecies: a) those of 
the Oriental Region, having both wings marked on the upper surface with white submarginal dots, occurring 
throughout the Indies, Sumatra and Nias, northward ranging over the Philippines and Formosa; p) those of 
the Malayan-Australian-Polynesian Region, without any white dots. 
bolina Group a. 
jcezia. kezia Btlr. (119a S', b $), a relatively small, well differentiated, insular form of which, beside the 
figured S' of the rainy-season, we know also larger S'S' resembling the form charybdis Btlr. (118 c), having the 
disc on the hindwing either indistinctly blue, slightly centred with white, or altogether blue. SS' conforming to 
liria F. or auge Cr., having the longitudinal bands on the underside of the hindwings white, I do not know from 
Formosa; the $ of the dry-season has, as is seen in the figure, on the forewing a violet transverse band. 
priscilla. —priscilla Btlr. is the more frequent $-form of the rainy-season, richly marked with white above, and with a 
gorgeous, dark blue-iridescent, transverse band on the forewings, composed of 4 whitish patches. Occasionally 
also part of the cell and the entire apical area show the dark blue lustre. In both sexes the under surface is in the 
median area of the hindwing slightly laved with grey-yellow. According to Consul Swinhoe, who discovered kezia in 
1865, the CS fly incessantly around stones or plants, quarrelling with all butterflies that may come near. The 
$$ however are inert and rarely leave the dense under-brush; whenever they come to the open, several BS are 
sure to rush out upon them. The uncus is in the middle somewhat less thick than in lisianassa Cr. from 
the southern Moluccas. Not rare in Formosa. $$ having on the hindwing the disc white as in philippensis, 
(118 c) do not seem to exist in Formosa; but as they predominate in Okinawa, I unite the form from 
Liu kiu with philippensis Btlr., until further material is available. My Okinawa-$ surpasses even all my Philip- 
phiiippcnsis. pine-^$ in the extent of the white apical markings on the forewings. -—- philippensis Btlr. designates a 
whole series of insular races, easily distinguished from the forms of the Malay Archipelago and the mainland by 
the extent and brillancy of the profuse white markings in the apical andsubapical areas of the forewings. All the 
Philippine forms have, as a peculiarity of their own not found outside of that insular group, <Jcf with a 
very broad, white semi-band on the forewing and on the hindwing a dark blue disk like in charybdis, and it 
was this endemic d'-form, which was chosen by Butler as the type for his philippensis. But such are 
by no means common in the Philippines, although occurring everywhere. The normal C6 stand about 
