556 
DOLESCH ALL I A. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
dots which on the h. w. are sometimes ringed with black. The under surface is without any markings whatsoever, 
only in the cfcT the h. w. is beyond the cell slightly laved with gray-white. The ? varies in such a way that 
the submarginal eye-spots either are black with a white dot in the center (type), or that they are chiefly 
white, surrounded by an indistinct black ring which may even be absent altogether. Such dark ?? lack also 
depunctata. the white apical dots on the upper surface of the f. w. (= f. depunctata form, nov .). From Kiriwina, Trobri- 
and Islands. The sexual organs hardly differ from those of. II. bolina from Amboina, but the uncus is some¬ 
what shorter, the semispherical portion of the valve rather flatter and more regularly dentate. 
28. Genus: Doleschallia Fldr. 
The few species of this purely Indo-Australian genus merit our deepest interest on account of their 
highly developed protective colouring. They resemble somewhat in the shape of their wings and the leaf- 
pattern the Neotropical Zaretes , but differ from them in neuration and in the shape of the sexual organs which 
are more like those of Limenitis. Whereas on first sight one might be tempted to class them with Kallima , 
they have neither in structure nor in their anatomy anything in common with that genus; only in their early 
stages they have a mutual resemblance with Vanessa. Doleschallia is distinguished from Kallima by the com¬ 
pletely open cells in both wings, and by the single, out-curved precostal, Moreover the entire shape of the 
wings and the design of colouring are so different that by these alone the two genera may be told from one 
another. The fore wings are at the apex but slightly curved, forming a broad corner. The hind wings are 
produced at the extremity of the submedian so as to form a short tail which is curved inward. The palpi 
resemble those of Kallima, the antennae are strong and provided with distinct, gradually thickening, elongate 
clubs. Two subcostal nervules branch off before the end ol the cell, the third midway between this and the 
fourth nervule. The fourth and fifth branches form a short fork just below the apex. The larva is as a rule 
black or at least' dark in colour, occasionally with dorsal rows of white dots; head and spines are steel-blue. 
The head is armed with fine, short spines, branching laterally. They live on Eranthemum malabaricum 
Clarke, an Acanthacea, and according to Hagen also on Craptophyllum hortense, always gregariously. The 
pupa is slender, the thorax ventrally somewhat inflated, constricted in the middle, and provided at the head 
with two moderately long horns. It is yellowish in colour, with darker dots and edges. It takes from 8—10 
days for the imago to develop. The sexual organs show in their peculiar membranous appendages a certain 
relationship with Yoma Doh ., presenting the greatest possible contrast with Kallima. The uncus is remarkably 
long, slender and sharply pointed. The valve is distally completely globular, somewhat resembling that of Hypolim- 
nas, but without serrate edge, only provided with long bristles; ventrally it bears a sort of projection varying in 
shape in the different species, being either thumb-shaped or bulb-like. The saccus is extraordinarily long, the 
penis apparently quite broad, membranous, again widely contrasting with that of Hypolimnas as well as Kallima. 
Altogether the sexual organs of the genus Doleschallia differ in their elongate compressed shape from all the 
genera that have been so far studied, The imago is an excellent, strong flier; while they are not scarce, 
they never occur in great numbers, and it is difficult to find more than four or five in one day. Endowed with 
rapid flight, they prefer the neighbourhood of shady tracts, even of houses and gardens, resting with folded wings 
upon grasses and flowers, not infrequently also on the wood-work of verandahs or fences. Occasionally one 
may find them at some moist spot upon the road; this, so Hagen reports, is the exclusive practice of the Papuan 
species which never select dry wood as a resting-place. Doleschallia is presumably a Melanesian genus, finding 
its greatest development in New Guinea whence we know six species; the Bismarck Archipelago has only four, 
the Moluccas three, and the Malay Archipelago west of Celebes, and the main land of India have but one spe¬ 
cies each. All inhabit the plains; only one species (I). continentalis) ascends the southern slope of the Himalaya 
to an elevation of about 5000 ft. The sexes are more or less distinctly sexually dimorphic. In Java and India 
the influence of the seasons is manifested in the various broods which are slightly differentiated; but we still 
lack accurate observations on this subject, a fruitful field for later generations. 
bisaltide. D. bisaltide has a wide range of distribution from West to East, being found anywhere between India 
and Waigeu, and again, avoiding New Guinea, in the Bismarck Archipelago, the Salomon Islands, the New 
Hebrides and Viti-Levu. Up til now it was considered to be exceedingly variable, because one took the different 
local races to be mere varieties of one and the same form. In fact bisaltide shows, especially in the markings 
of the upper surface, great constancy and resists climatic influences much better than f. i. Cynthia and Cethosia. 
The under surface, however, with its leaf-pattern, varies in the same wonderful manner as Kallima. Although 
it lacks the so-called mildewy spots, it is distinguished, as is indeed the case with all the Doleschallia, by a 
design which may originally have been only found in the c?cf, consisting of silvery, dot-like or band-shaped 
spots in the basal area of both wings; their intensity varies in the different individuals, reaching its highest 
argyroltes. development in the efed during the rainy-season (= argyroides form. nov.). Sometimes the end of the cell 
nimbata. on the under surface of the f. w. is bordered with white (nimbata form. nov. [137 b] “wearing a diadem”). It 
appears that the specimens in which the entire under surface is marked with the dry-leaf pattern, are mainly, 
although not exclusively, products of the dry-season. As a rule they have, analogous to Kallima, the median 
band very strongly developed, imitating as it were the ribs of a leaf. Side by side with cfcT and ?? of rather 
uniform colouring we find, whereever the species occurs, specimens in which the basal half of both wings 
beneath is greatly obscured, being red-brown or nearly black, contrasting strongly with the pale yellowish, 
