564 
K ALL IMA. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
inachus. 
and the blue median area is not so broad as appears in the figure of rickardi Sm. Discovered by the Explorer 
Count Pfeil in Neu-Mecklenburg. 
29. Genus: Mai lima Dbl. 
This is in every respect one of the most interesting genera, if only on accoimt of the sharp sexual 
distinction between the various species, which in contrast to the other Nymphalids, although presenting the 
most striking external resemblance to each other, show a wide divergence in the structure of the sexual organs. 
Both uncus as well as valve are highly developed; the uncus is in some species cleft; the valve very broad, 
always bipartite, with a flat medial projection which in some forms is largely chitinized (analogous to the 
valve of Hestia) and armed with strong teeth. The central portion is concavely produced, being in some forms 
narrower, in others much broader than the upper ledge, and always covered with long bristles. In the Kallima 
moreover, we find among all Rhopalocera the longest penis, enclosed in a long, vermicular sheath, distally 
bending upwards and recalling in some species the form of the buccina, a musical instrument used by the 
ancient Romans. For that reason I refer to the shape of the penis as “bucciniform” and call the sheath the 
buccina. The saccus is relatively short, basally but slightly distended. The length of the penis indicates a 
remote relationship with Doleschallia , the cleft uncus with Mynes, and the complicated valve would 
point to the Vanessids. Also in the early stages it resembles the latter. The larva feeds on Strobilanthus 
callosus Nees and Eranthemum malabarieum Clarke, both belonging to the Acanthaceae. Its colour varies in 
the different species, as far as known, from black to golden-brown. The head is black, provided with two 
long horns, the segments are armed with red or reddish spines arranged in from 9—11 rows. Pupa light or 
earthy-brown, shaded with darker brown. On the abdomen it has some short, broad tubercles, on the head two 
long points. The imago differs structurally from Doleschallia in having the cells of both wings closed and 
the precostal of the h. w. bifurcate. F. w. with two subcostal branches before the end of the cell, the one to 
the left, contrasting with Doleschallia and analogous to Hypolimnas, almost midway between the apex of the 
cell and the tip of the wing; the middle discocellular in the f. w. longer than in Doleschallia and Hypolimnas. 
As to neuration there is no difference between the sexes. The f. w. have near the base a sort of excavation 
in which according to Wallace it hides its uncommonly little head when at rest. H. w. with an elongate, oval 
patch composed of yellow scales, corresponding to an ocellus on the under side of the f. w. The protective 
colouring of the under surface, for which Kallima has been famous since Wallace’s time, has rendered it 
popular in the widest sense of the word, and in the exhibitions the Kallima excite, to a much higher degree 
than f. i. Ornithoptera or Morpho, the interest of the great public, partly by the azure-blue colouring of the 
upper surface, but largely by their under surface, which in design and colouring imitates withered leaves so 
perfectly that not only all the stages of discoloration, but frecpiently even the spots produced by the action 
of mould, are copied. Not always, however, do these butterflies take advantage of this protective colouring, for Dr. 
Hagen as well as Elwes and myself have observed that although when frightened it flies away, it alights again at 
some distance on the upper side of some leaf, with the wings expanded, being far and wide visible on account 
of the glossy, violet-blue colour and orange markings of the upper surface. As a rule they are found in the under¬ 
growth of the woods, but occasionally they are also seen circling around the tops of the highest trees. In Siam I 
found them sitting on clay-banks, sipping the water as it was dripping down over them. Like Zeuxidia, Eutha- 
lia and Prothoe francki they love to feast on overripe bananas, becoming so aborbed in their meal that they 
may easily be captured. Some have attracted them also with the help of “sake” (rice-brandy) or stale beer, 
and it is a common occurrence to find them sipping the sweet, fermenting sap, oozing from some injured tree. 
The Indian forms are subject to seasonal Dimorphism in such a way that the winter-brood has the 
apex of the f. w. far projecting and the ground-colour pale blue, whereas the rainy-season produces more 
rounded outlines, a smaller size and a deeper blue colour. Contrasting with the chiefly insular Doleschallia , 
the Kallima are largely confined to the main land; they are not found in the Philippines, but have crossed 
from China over Hongkong to Formosa and the central Liu-kiu Islands. Southward they do not. extend beyond 
the Macromalayan Archipelago, reaching in eastern Java the limit of their distribution. 
K. inachus has among all the species of the genus the widest range, extending from Cashmere through 
India to Burmah, Tonkin and western and southern China including the adjacent islands. The forms inhabiting 
the main land show the most perfect seasonal Dimorphism, whereas those found on the islands show the 
markings of the monsoon-period all the year round. The eggs are, considering the size of the imago, quite 
small, marked by cream-yellow, vertical ribs. The larva hatches after five days, feeding on Giradinia heterophylla, 
Polygonum orientals and Strobilanthus capitatus. During the first stage the head is black, the body dark 
brown, with stiff black bristles. After the first moult which takes from 2—4 days, the bristles are replaced 
by spines and the head is armed with two long horns, the colour black. After 3 more days the second moult 
takes place, the spines being now yellowish in colour, but still short. After the third moult the spines are 
quite long and the body is spotted with orange-yellow; in the final stage the colour of the body is velvety 
black, the spines reddish and the segments covered with yellowish hair. The duration of the larval state is 
altogether about 22 days, and it requires about 10 days more to develop the imago. In Sikkim it is found 
up to about 5000 ft. of alt. The uncus resembles that of Mynes, but lacks the uncus anticus; it is cleft at 
the end, but not so sharply curved downward as in K. huxtoni. The valve is not so stout as in K philarchus 
