CYRESTIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
573 
opening made through the primeval forest by a torrent breaking its way over the rocks. One could see the 
butterflies in the hot sultry morning, whenever the rain had stopped for a short while, hovering slowly from one 
bush to the other enjoying the sunshine; they were very easy to capture. The $$ of this group are relativ¬ 
ely not so scarce as $$ of the white or yellow Cyrestis.- — periander F. originally described from Siam, was 
rediscovered by me at Muok-Lek on the Bangkok-Korat railway, where they were quite rare, probably on 
account of the dry-season (January). The ground-colour is pure white with 3—5 gray or yellowish cross¬ 
stripes on both wings. The outer margin is almost black in colour marked with white lines and on the h. w. 
with crescent-shapecl ocelli, accompanied toward the anal angle by a yellow semi-band. The under surface 
is white, marked with grey-yellow bands, the outer border very dark and conspicuous, especially on the f. w.; 
only in one specimen from Sumatra it is obsolete. The heart-shaped spots are not fully developped consisting 
of small crescents which are broadest in the middle. On the whole the continental forms of periander are disting¬ 
uished from the insular races by the clearer white ground-colour and the deeper black outer border that shows 
through beneath. — binghami Mart, from Tavoy, sent to me from Tenasserim by Coll. Bingham. $ is smaller binyhami. 
than periander , from which it is distinguished by the fact that on the upper surface of the f. w. the white ground¬ 
colour extends to the costa between the second (middle) meridional stripe and the black marginal border, 
whereas in periander the costa is throughout bordered with black-brown. ■— vatinia Fruhst. (122 c) is the lightest and vatinia. 
largest form of the entire group, possessing all the characteristics of the continental forms, but distinguished 
from periander in the following way: The meridional stripes are narrower and darker, farther apart and appear 
more uniformly distributed over the wing; the dark marginal border is broader at the apex of the f. w. and 
irrorated with violet red-brown; on the h. w. the anal area is but slightly marked with yellow, and Staudinger’s 
yellow semi-band is but faintly indicated. The purity of the ground-colour and the lack of any mark¬ 
ings is still more evident on the under surface of both wings. The costa of the f. w. is bordered with black. 
The submarginal heart-shaped spots on theh.w., which are in periander and binghami represented by distinct 
lunules, are very much reduced in vatinia, appearing only as feebly curved minute streaks on the inner border 
of the black marginal area of the h. w. The $$ exceed the Uc? in size, with more delicate and finer markings. 
Tonkin, Than-Moi in June and July, Chiern Hoa in August and September. On the islands of the Archipelago 
the following subspecies are known to occur: -— martinus Fruhst., easily distinguished from the other forms martinus. 
by the almost completely smoke-brown upper surface of both wings, on which the ground-colour appears only 
outside of the third meridional stripe in the shape of a dirty-white submarginal band which is rather broader 
and more pure white in the larger The very broad meridional stripes are dark yellow-brown; the three 
hindmost ocelli on the h. w. are clearly heart-shaped; the anal ocellus is round; on the underside neither wing 
has the dark marginal area show through, only the apex of the f. w. and the most extreme margin of both 
wings are slightly sprinkled with gray. Type from north-eastern Sumatra; found also in the western part of the 
island by Forbes and my collector. Forbes describes martinus as a butterfly of chaste behavior, moving in the 
dense jungle in short flights from the underside of one leaf to another, where it spreads its wings and is only 
found with great difficulty. — ersganicus Fruhst (122 c) is the darkest form in this group, having the marginal enganicus. 
area dark brown and very broad, especially at the apex of the f. w. whence it extends along the costa until 
it nearly reaches the base. Of the dark yellow, black-bordered meridional stripes especially the second (middle) 
one is very heavy; between this and the third and the marginal area the pure white ground-colour appears 
as a median band, which is divided by the third meridional stripe into two nearly equal halves. From the 
middle meridional stripe to the base the entire surface is laved with gray-brown; the heart-shaped spots 
take the shape of large, irregular, roundish black-brown wedges, three of which are clearly visible in the apical 
area of the f. w.; on the under surface the marginal border does not show through on either Aving as in the con¬ 
tinental forms, but the outer border is light brown shading into the median ground-colour. According to Do¬ 
herty it is frequently found in the forest near Engano. — horsfieldi Moore. Judging from the good picture horsfieldi. 
Horsfield gave of this form it very closely approaches martinus, but is lighter, having the space between the 
second and third meridional stripes not shaded with smoke-brown, but white as the ground-colour. 
Under surface as in martinus, but lighter. The three hindmost ocelli on h. w. are clearly heart-shaped, are 
larger and pure white. A great number was collected by me at Palabuan. -— dohertyi Moore is lighter than dohertyi. 
horsfieldi, with narrower meridional stripes that are about as broad as in periander, having on both wings 
the marginal area very black, more so than any other form of this group; on h. w. the row of ocelli is complete 
being composed of of five well-developped black, heart-shaped spots; also on f. w. the row of ocelli is more con¬ 
spicuous than in the remaining forms; the costal border of the f. w. displays on the upper surface a dull silvery 
