574 
CYRESTIS. By H. Fruhstorfer. 
gray lustre such as is not seen in like intensity in the other subspecies. On the under surface the dark marginal 
area is very distinct as in periander, but not clearly separated from the ground-colour, and the rows of ocelli 
siamensis. are unusually distinct on both wings. Sumbawa. — siamerssis, habitat unknown, described from two specimens 
of which one is contained in the British Museum and the other in my own collection. The original description 
(Soc. Entom. Jahrg. XIII. 1898 No. 10) reads as follows: “Larger than perianderF. from Malacca, Sumatra and 
Java, and with broader submarginal bands”. From the specimen in the British Museum I made the following 
notes: “A very dark and large form, darker than specimens from Sumatra and Engano, probably the darkest 
of the whole group. H. w. dusted all over with gray-brown, a narrow stripe at the costa excepted. On the f. 
w. the white ground-colour appears only in a square spot located at the inner margin between the marginal 
border and the third meridional stripe. Heart-pattern distinct”. When I mentioned this form in Berl. Ent. 
Ztg. 1899, p. 18 and Iris, 1902, p. 171, I supposed not unjustly that it might possibly be the continental 
form from Assam or Upper Burmah spoken of by Butler, which would be analogous to the very dark 
cocles-natta from Assam. However as I have since discovered the typical form of periander in Siam, siamen¬ 
sis appears to be a misnomer and will probably be corrected as soon as the true habitat of the subspecies is 
known. 
Ufj C. codes is larger than periander, having the apex of f. w. rounded; its range extends farther east through 
Farther India to .Hainan, but does not reach in the south the Macromalayan Region. The type after which the 
species was named came, like that of periander , from Siam ; it represented the small-sized form of the dry-season. In 
contradistinction to the very constant periander , of which one specimen exactly resembles the other, codes 
is in an extraordinary degree subject to individual as well as sexual differentiation, whereas the local forms 
codes, appear less distinctly pronounced than in the preceding species, codes F. (122 b) figured from a q found by 
me in Siam during the dry-season (January) together with some $$, which are likewise smaller and whose 
natta. upper surface has the colour of mother-of-pearl.-—In Assam we meet an entirely altered form: natta Sivinh. 
(122b $), of which the are very common, the $$ very scarce. Probably it is an extreme rainy-season form. 
codeoides. — codeoides Fruhst. (122b); this large form, of which we figure a pale apple-green $, is based upon speci¬ 
mens found in southern Annam during January and February and in central Tonkin between June and 
August. — Some similar specimens captured by Pavie near Luang Prabang were recognized by Poujada as 
earli. earli Dist. This not very distinct form stands as to size intermediate between codes and natta-<§ (122 b), 
distinguished from the latter by the larger white patches in the submarginal area on the f. w. Malay 
Peninsula. — From Hainan and Assam I have some ^-specimens which Avhile displaying the colouring of 
codeoides, have the broad, white, proximally dentate longitudinal bands characteristic of natta. Such specimens 
formosa. are mostly found in the Andaman Islands and were described as formosa Fldr. (= horatius Wood-Mas. and 
andamanica Wood-Mas.). From Sikkim, where codes is everywhere scarce, it extends southward as far as 
Orissa, but is not found in Deccan or Ceylon, but again observed from Assam to southern Tenasserim. Adam¬ 
son reports having observed it at Moulmein and that when flying it most strikingly resembles Junonia 
atlites L. Whereas it does not occur in Sumatra, it is represented in the Macromalayan Archipelago 
sericeus. by sericeus Btlr., a very sharply differentiated and for Borneo very light form. The type in the British 
Museum, which is very light and not obscured at the apex, is very exactly described by Butler. All the 
markings are fine and delicate, the white median band is very broad and divided on both wings by a nearly 
straight, blackish line into two approximately equal halves. This line, which in all the other forms of codes 
touches the dark markings of the outer margin, is in sericeus separated from it by a broad, intervening portion 
of the white ground-colour. The under surface is very pale, having the bands which above are quite irregular 
arranged in the order of the meridional stripes; moreover the ground-colour, wherever visible, has a faint- 
pink lustre. Rare, only two from Amuntai (south-eastern Borneo) in my collection. 
cassander. C. cassander which replaces codes in the Philippines is in $ practically identical with it, but presents in 
considerable differences. One might be tempted to unite this species with the following paulinus, were it not 
for the fact, that paulinus has in all its forms on both wings quite distinct round ocelli, whereas cassander 
and its subspecies have in their place a numberof black, white-bordered streaks, which cannot even be call¬ 
ed lunules being not at all curved. Moreover, cassander has, analogous to the periander-g roup, the apex of the f. w. 
obtusely cut off, whereas in paulinus it is more rounded. It is probably for this reason, that Felder who 
based his description upon a specimen from Luzon emphasizes its close relationship with periander. Dr. 0. 
Semper, a brother of the famous author of the work on the Philippine butterflies, discovered this species and 
